岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤微生物活性的对比研究

通过野外采样和室内实验,研究了不同地质背景、不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物活性的影响。研究表明,土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳在林地、灌木丛、草丛三种不同的土地利用方式下均表现为岩溶区>非岩溶区;岩溶区土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳表现为林地>灌木丛>草丛;非岩溶区土壤微生物数量表现为草丛>林地>灌木丛,微生物碳表现为林地>草丛>灌木丛。对于同一种土地利用方式,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均表现为非岩溶区>岩溶区,过氧化氢酶活性表现为岩溶区>非岩溶区;除非岩溶区土壤脲酶活性表现为林地>草丛>灌木丛外,非岩溶区土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性及岩溶区土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性均表现为林地>灌木丛>草丛。岩溶区土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性和非岩溶区土壤蔗糖酶活性能作为土壤较理想的肥力指标。     

应用消毒剂建立宿轮虫的无菌培养系

以污水生物处理中一种常见的有益微型动物——宿轮虫为对象,进行了应用消毒剂建立宿轮虫的无菌培养系的方法学研究.在对消毒剂次氯酸钠、甲醛及PreventolD7分别作用下的轮虫培养液中宿轮虫卵的孵化率和细菌密度变化趋势分析的基础上,建立了以确保较高的卵孵化率为前提、通过多次的抑菌培养轮虫、使培养液中细菌数量逐渐减少直至消亡、最终获得无菌轮虫的方法,即逐渐减菌方法.该方法与传统的一次性灭菌方法相比,克服了传统方法在轮虫存活率很低的条件下进行无菌化的缺点,因此,可降低对消毒条件的严格要求并提高了成功率.运用逐渐灭菌方法,为确保约50%的卵孵化率,分别使用40μL·L-1甲醛和4μL·L-1 PreventolD7进行48h抑菌培养,经过4次对宿轮虫的抑菌培养,均获得了无菌的宿轮虫种群.实验结果表明,无菌化宿轮虫种群的繁殖速度与未经无菌化的宿轮虫种群相当.     

外循环三相流化床-人工湿地系统处理渗滤液可行性研究

采用外循环三相流化床-人工湿地的组合工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行处理,主要探讨通过该组合工艺后,出水水质的变化.结果表明,进水COD 4 000 mg.L-1、NH4+-N 300 mg.L-1通过外循环流化床后,COD、NH4+-N分别稳定在1 500 mg.L-1和150 mg.L-1左右;Cd、Zn、Pb含量也均稍有下降,通过人工湿地后,COD、NH4+-N则分别下降到200 mg.L-1和10 mg.L-1左右.Cd、Zn、Pb的含量在分别从进水的0.12 mg.L-1、3.0 mg.L-1和1.4 mg.L-1下降到0.01 mg.L-1、0.5 mg.L-1和0.1 mg.L-1左右.通过不同植被的湿地进行横向比较,发现无论何种植被的湿地,对该组合工艺的处理效果影响不大.     

A land use regression for predicting NO2 and PM10 concentrations in di erent seasons in Tianjin region, China

Land use regression (LUR) model was employed to predict the spatial concentration distribution of NO2 and PM10 in the Tianjin region based on the environmental air quality monitoring data. Four multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were established based on the most significant variables for NO2 in heating season (R2 = 0.74), and non-heating season (R2 = 0.61) in the whole study area; and PM10 in heating season (R2 = 0.72), and non-heating season (R2 = 0.49). Maps of spatial concentration distribution for NO2 and PM10 were obtained based on the MLR equations (resolution is 10 km). Intercepts of MLR equations were 0.050 (NO2, heating season), 0.035 (NO2, non-heating season), 0.068 (PM10, heating season), and 0.092 (PM10, non-heating season) in the whole study area. In the central area of Tianjin region, the intercepts were 0.042 (NO2, heating season), 0.043 (NO2, non-heating season), 0.087 (PM10, heating season), and 0.096 (PM10, non-heating season). These intercept values might imply an area’s background concentrations. Predicted result derived from LUR model in the central area was better than that in the whole study area. R2 values increased 0.09 (heating season) and 0.18 (non-heating season) for NO2, and 0.08 (heating season) and 0.04 (non-heating season) for PM10. In terms of R2, LUR model performed more e ectively in heating season than non-heating season in the study area and gave a better result for NO2 compared with PM10.     

隧道工程行为的生态效应及其评价

将隧道工程行为对生态系统的影响分为物理效应、化学效应、生物效应和社会效应,论述了隧道工程行为影响下生态系统的变化,分析了各生态效应之间的联动作用及生态效应产生过程的特点,建立了基于背景值的参数系统模型以评价隧道工程行为生态效应的大小。     

黄山茶叶品质与产地地质背景关系探讨

本文通过对黄山茶叶的实地调查,从地学角度分析了黄山茶叶的地质背景对土壤中元素组合、土壤类型的影响,探讨了茶叶主要品质与产地地质背景的关系,分析了茶叶优异的品质与地质背景条件的相关性。确定出黄山毛峰生长的土壤是在特定的青白口纪邓家组变石英砂岩、变粉砂岩、板岩风化而成的粗骨土,太平猴魁是在特定志留纪康山组长石石英砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩风化而成红壤土、粗骨土,这些土壤为茶树生长提供了大量的营养物质,特别是有益的微量元素对提高茶叶品质起到了重要作用。     

山东省黄河故道区域土壤环境背景值研究

对山东省黄河故道土壤环境中的重金属元素、六六六、滴滴涕等难降解农药和有机质含量进行了研究,并分析了重金属元素的纵向分布、有机质和重金属含量的相关性、不同土地利用方式对土壤背景值的影响.结果表明,表层土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Hg、As、Co、V、Mn、Cd和Ni的背景值含量分别为13.46、16.23、42.31、30.97、0.090、3.90、8.01、36.42、426.83、0.063和18.71mg·kg-1,有机质含量为0.74%,六六六和滴滴涕的检出率分别为100%和60%,含量低于土壤环境质量二级标准;11种土壤重金属元素背景值均低于土壤环境质量一级标准,其中10种重金属元素(Hg除外)土壤背景值低于全国水平、山东省及黄土高原地区土壤环境背景值,元素Hg在表层土壤存在富集现象, Cd有向下层迁移的趋势;元素Hg、Cd和有机质在0～20cm和20～40cm土层呈显著差异,其它元素无显著差异;不同土地利用方式下的土壤背景值无显著差异;有机质与Cu、As、Mn、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni等元素有极显著正相关性.     

Seasonal ontogenetic colour plasticity in the adult striated shieldbug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Graphosoma lineatum</Emphasis> (Heteroptera) and its effect on detectability

Camouflage and warning colouration are two important forms of protective colouration. We have studied the detectability of two seasonal colourations in the aposematic striated shieldbug, Graphosoma lineatum. The typical colouration of this insect is red and black, which is also the colouration of the reproductive post-hibernation bugs in our study area in south central Sweden. However, the majority of newly eclosed adults in late summer exhibit a ‘pale’ (light brownish, non-red) and black striation, and these bugs appear quite cryptic to the human eye when sitting on the dried stems and umbels of their host plants. In experiments using photographs of prey in the late-summer habitat shown on a computer screen, we compared the time to detection by human subjects of bugs, which had been manipulated to show either of the two typical seasonal colourations. Time to detection was significantly longer for the pale and black than for the red-and-black striation in images with the bug photographed at two different distances. This indicates that the pale pre-hibernation striation may have a cryptic function. In a separate experiment, we tested detectability of striated and non-striated manipulations of bug pre-hibernation colouration against the late-summer background, and found that time to detection was significantly longer for the striated bugs. We discuss potential functional explanations for the seasonal ontogenetic colour plasticity and suggest that the epidermal pale colour in the late summer provides a benefit of increased camouflage.     

我国大气背景点颗粒物PAHs分布特征及毒性评估

选择我国自北向南4个国家大气背景监测站(吉林长白山、山西庞泉沟、湖北神农架和广东南岭),于2013年4个季度采集了环境空气PM2.5和PM10样品,采用超声波乙腈萃取-超高压液相色谱分析16种多环芳烃.结果表明,4个大气背景点的PM2.5和PM10中∑PAHs浓度分别为0.09~25.42ng/m3和0.13~30.16ng/m3,与国内外大气背景点基本处于同一浓度水平,空间分布特点为庞泉沟>长白山>神农架>南岭,季节分布特点为庞泉沟和神农架春季、冬季,长白山的春季,以及南岭冬季明显高于所在背景点的其他季节.PM2.5和PM10中BaP和∑PAHs在低浓度范围内均呈现显著的线性相关性.除了长白山冬季和南岭夏季的3环PAHs比例较高外,其余季节的背景点以4环和5环PAHs为主,主要为荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)荧蒽.通过BaP当量进行了致癌性和致突变性评价,结果显示庞泉沟春季和冬季颗粒物的∑BaPTEF和∑BaPMEF相对较高,分别为1.81~2.74ng/m3和2.92~4.36ng/m3, 对所在区域的PAH污染状况需要关注.     

北京上甸子大气本底站CO2浓度的源汇区域代表性研究

为研究单个站点观测浓度的源汇区域代表性及所在区域的CO2通量特征,利用大气反转模式FLEXPART模拟确定影响上甸子站观测浓度的气团主要来源,利用Carbon Tracker模式反演CO2浓度和通量的时空分布,并通过数值迭代方法和相关性分析方法获取最优印痕函数阈值,得到影响测站CO2浓度的源汇区域范围.其次,将在线观测CO2浓度筛分为本底和非本底浓度,利用FLEXPART模式追踪测站本底和非本底源区,研究发现,本底和非本底源汇区域明显不同并随季节变化.在印痕函数大于一定阈值的潜在源区内,本底和非本底区域净通量变化趋势差异明显,而且在各通量分支中本底区域化石燃料通量较小、生物圈通量较大,非本底区域化石燃料通量较大、生物圈通量较小.通过反演模式能够定量得到影响测站观测浓度的源汇区域及区域通量特征.