Migration and biological effect of natural heavy radionuclides on plants

A complex radioecological study of technogenic landscapes of southern Yakutia showed that the main factor responsible for their contamination with uranium and radium is radionuclide dispersal by air with products of rock weathering. Coefficients of biological absorption by plants decrease with an increase in the contamination level, which is explained by the fact that strongly fixed forms of uranium and radium prevail in the contaminated areas. In addition, the root barrier plays an important role. Radiation load is mainly determined by background gamma-radiation. The contribution of internal irradiation accounted for by incorporated radionuclides does not exceed 16% and decreases with an increase in the level of soil contamination. Manchurian alder seeds produced under conditions of enhanced background radiation are more viable than those from the control area. It is shown that seed generations of plants growing under conditions of chronic irradiation are highly resistant to the radiation factor.     

1994年9月16日台湾海峡7.3级地震背景空区对闽粤沿海地震形势的影响

讨论了 1994年 9月 16日台湾海峡南部 7 3级地震对东南沿海地震带地震活动性的影响。从地震学角度出发结合这一地区地震地质背景对这次地震的震前背景空区的客观性进行了分析。并对其震后背景空区演变进行了追踪 ,以期从震后各断裂带受其应力调整的影响中 ,找出应力有可能再次集中的地段 ,这对缩小预测未来可能发生的中强地震的时间、地点、强度范围的预测具有实际意义。     

Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm,Sweden

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn) and arsenic (As) were surveyed and the metal pools estimatedin soils in Stockholm Municipality. The sampling sites were distributed all over the entire municipality with a higher sampling density in the city centre. Soils were sampled to a maximum depth of 25 to 60 cm. Soil texture, total-C content, electrical conductivity and pH were analysed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined after wet digestion with boiling7 M HNO₃.The results showed a wide range in heavy metal concentrations, as well as in other soil properties. The city centre soils constituted a rather homogeneous group whereas outside this areano geographical zones could be distinguished. These soils were grouped based on present land use, i.e. undisturbed soils, public parks, wasteland (mainly former industrial areas), and roadside soils. The city centre and wasteland soils generally hadenhanced heavy metal concentrations to at least 30 cm depth compared to park soils outside the city centre and rural (arable)soils in the region, which were used to estimate background levels. For example, the mean Hg concentration was 0.9 (max 3.3)mg kg^-1 soil at 0–5 cm and 1.0 (max 2.9) at 30 cm depth in the city centre soils, while the background level was 0,04 mg kg^-1. Corresponding values for Pb were 104 (max 444) and135 (max 339) mg kg^-1, at 0–5 and 30 cm, respectively, while the background level was 17 mg kg^-1.The average soil pools (0–30 cm depth) of Cu, Pb and Zn were 21,38 and 58 g m^-2 respectively, which for Pb was 3–4 timeshigher and for Cu and Zn 1.5–2 times higher than the backgroundlevel. The total amount of accumulated metals (down to 30 cm)in the city centre soils (4.5^*10 ⁶ m² public gardens and green areas) was estimated at 80, 1.1, 120 and 40 t for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study showed (1) thatfrom a metal contamination point of view, more homogeneous soilgroups were obtained based on present land use than on geographicdistance to the city centre, (2) the importance of establishing a background level in order to quantify the degree of contamination, and (3) soil samples has to be taken below the surface layer (and deeper than 30 cm) in order to quantify theaccumulated metal pools in urban soils.     

贵州省典型铅锌矿区潜在有毒元素(PTEs)物源甄别、生态风险评价及控制因素

贵州省碳酸盐岩和玄武岩广泛发育,潜在有毒元素(PTEs)具有天然的高含量低活性属性,在PTEs高背景区开展生态风险健康评价和识别潜在来源具有重要意义.贵州省赫章县是典型的成土母质为碳酸盐岩和玄武岩的土壤PTEs高背景区,全县分布有18处大型以上的铅锌矿和铁矿,PTEs来源复杂,潜在生态风险较高.在赫章县采集土壤表层样品...     

大庆地区土壤环境放射性水平的调查

为了解放射性核素是否使土壤放射性水平增加,造成放射性污染,并通过土壤介质的转移形成周围环境及人群健康的不良影响,本研究对全地区土壤的放射性本底,现状水平,使用放射源的单位和其工作现场周围的土壤放射性强度进行了调查与评价,总ａ平均测定值分别为８９７．６,９２８．１,９３４．８,９７３．４,Ｂｑ／ｋｇ,总β平均测定值为７５０．６,７８６．８,８６４．９,８２７．５Ｂｑ／ｋｇ,经统计分析得出大庆地区土壤     

瓦里关山大气CO本底变化

利用1992 01～2002 12期间的实测资料,分析了瓦里关全球基准站(36°17′N,100°54′E,海拔3816m)大气CO本底特征,并探讨了与源汇过程的关系.结果表明,瓦里关山大气CO体积分数本底范围与北半球平均水平基本相符,但增长趋势及年增长率波动与北半球平均状况并不完全一致,多年平均季节变化与同纬度海洋边界层(MBL)参比值以及北半球平均值也有较大差异,是所在地区多种CO源汇和大气输送共同作用的结果.瓦里关山大气CO本底观测资料既能体现亚洲内陆地域特点又具有全球代表性,辅以其它相关资料,还可进一步揭示中国内陆高原大气CO本底特征的成因.     

最小生成树法在环境背景值识别中的应用

本文用最小生成树法解决环境中的聚类分析问题。该法用x~2距离系数矩阵描述样本变量间的相似关系,同时用Kruskal法构造最小生成树,最后以分类图的形式给出分类结果。     

水环境有毒重金属污染的防控与监管路线

有毒重金属污染已成为我国的重大环境问题。对有毒重金属污染进行有效监管,首先,必须明确认定,对第一类污染物实施《源头总量控制》是污控执法和促进经济结构改革的保证条件。这种监管方式自2008年《笫一次全国污染源普查工业产排污系数手册》公布以来,更具有切实实施的可行性。《源头总量控制》与《水环境容量总量控制》两种监管方式既是各自独立、缺一不可,又是相互依赖和相互补充的关系,目前一些地方的规划管理者模糊和混淆了两类污染物和两种监管的内容和方式,笼统以《水环境总量控制》来监管所有污染物,丢弃了《源头总量控制》,使本应严加管理的饮用水水源地丧失了控制第一类污染物的能力。我国《地面水环境质量标准》(GB3838-88)中第一类污染物的水质指标与我国实际的水环境背景值有很大差距,存在"放宽允排量"和"价态转化引发危害"的问题,以一个10t电解铅的企业为例,证明两种监管方式的铅允排量相差甚大。总之,把第一类污染物与第二类污染物统一实施《水环境容量总量控制》将带来众多的危害,应当严格实施《源头总量控制》与《水环境总量控制》相结合的监管方式。     

天津市环境空气恶臭污染状况与典型气态污染物识别

以天津市中心城区和典型工业区为重点调查区域,通过网格法布设40个采样点,共采集不同季节的环境空气样品近1 300个. 采用嗅觉测定法、分光光度法和GC-MS分别测定恶臭感官浓度、NH₃和其他气态污染物的组成及浓度. 结果表明:①天津市环境臭气浓度介于0~90之间,中心城区和工业区臭气浓度水平相当. 夏季臭气浓度<10的样品最多,占总样品量的42%,春季超过85%的样品臭气浓度>20,秋季超过70%的样品臭气浓度>20,说明春、秋两季环境恶臭污染较为严重. ②NH₃是检出率最高的恶臭物质. 天津市夏、秋、春三季ρ(NH₃)平均值分别为0.070、0.058和0.060 mg/m3,各类功能区中居住区和混合区的ρ(NH₃)较高. ③秋季H₂S的检出较为普遍,ρ(H₂S)在0.006 4~0.220 0 mg/m3之间,中心城区和工业区的ρ(H₂S)平均值分别为0.014 0和 0.023 0 mg/m3,最高值出现在工业区. 以物质浓度、嗅阈值和检出率为评估参数,通过分级赋值和多参数综合评分筛选出10种典型气态污染物,分别为NH₃、CS₂、苯、甲苯、间二甲苯、乙苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、乙醇、丙酮和异戊二烯;建立了臭气浓度与这10种污染物浓度的多元线性回归方程,该方程具有良好的统计学意义和相关性(P<0.05,R=0.78),表明这些气态化合物是影响城市空气恶臭感官污染的重要因素.      

北京上甸子大气本底站CO2浓度的源汇区域代表性研究

为研究单个站点观测浓度的源汇区域代表性及所在区域的CO2通量特征,利用大气反转模式FLEXPART模拟确定影响上甸子站观测浓度的气团主要来源,利用Carbon Tracker模式反演CO2浓度和通量的时空分布,并通过数值迭代方法和相关性分析方法获取最优印痕函数阈值,得到影响测站CO2浓度的源汇区域范围.其次,将在线观测CO2浓度筛分为本底和非本底浓度,利用FLEXPART模式追踪测站本底和非本底源区,研究发现,本底和非本底源汇区域明显不同并随季节变化.在印痕函数大于一定阈值的潜在源区内,本底和非本底区域净通量变化趋势差异明显,而且在各通量分支中本底区域化石燃料通量较小、生物圈通量较大,非本底区域化石燃料通量较大、生物圈通量较小.通过反演模式能够定量得到影响测站观测浓度的源汇区域及区域通量特征.