噪声背景值修正问题研究

为了解和掌握环境背景噪声对边界噪声监测结果的影响情况,本文就此作了相应的探讨。结果显示：当测量值与背景值的差值超过10dB（A）时,可以忽略背景值对测量结果的影响;当测量值与背景值的差值为3～10dB（A）时,应分段考虑背景值的修正;当测量值与背景值的差值小于3dB（A）时,应重新选择时间进行测定。     

若尔盖盆地地球化学元素分布规律研究

通过对若尔盖盆地区域地质背景研究和野外取样调查与遥感解译,结合1:20万区域化探扫面成果编制的若尔盖盆地数字地球化学图研究发现,Zn、Sb、Hg、Pb、As、Au、Ag等绝大多数元素在若尔盖盆地古湖区显示为明显的低背景分布,是四川省西部典型的表生元素缺乏的地球化学区。大多数元素在若尔盖盆地内的变化系数CV<30%,呈分散状态,缺少后期地球化学作用的叠加。而具有显著不均匀分布特征的Hg、As、Sb、Mn、Au、Sr等元素的变化系数在50.5%-92.8%之间,反映出的集中分布趋势主要同金、铀等成矿作用有一定的关系。根据若尔盖盆地特殊的自然环境特征研究发现,影响元素分布特征的主要因素是气候条件中的温度与湿度以及沼泽、泥炭等有机质的强烈还原环境。     

Migration and biological effect of natural heavy radionuclides on plants

A complex radioecological study of technogenic landscapes of southern Yakutia showed that the main factor responsible for their contamination with uranium and radium is radionuclide dispersal by air with products of rock weathering. Coefficients of biological absorption by plants decrease with an increase in the contamination level, which is explained by the fact that strongly fixed forms of uranium and radium prevail in the contaminated areas. In addition, the root barrier plays an important role. Radiation load is mainly determined by background gamma-radiation. The contribution of internal irradiation accounted for by incorporated radionuclides does not exceed 16% and decreases with an increase in the level of soil contamination. Manchurian alder seeds produced under conditions of enhanced background radiation are more viable than those from the control area. It is shown that seed generations of plants growing under conditions of chronic irradiation are highly resistant to the radiation factor.     

贵州省土壤硒含量背景值研究

以贵州省耕地表层土壤(0～20 cm)为研究对象,系统采集了454431件土壤样品,分析测试了土壤硒含量,讨论了贵州省耕地表层土壤硒含量及其分布特征,以及不同土壤类型、不同酸碱度、不同地类土壤的硒含量背景值.结果 表明,贵州省耕地土壤硒含量背景值为0.482 mg/kg,变化范围为0.179～1.295 mg/kg.与...     

Concentrations and Pools of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils in Stockholm,Sweden

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb andZn) and arsenic (As) were surveyed and the metal pools estimatedin soils in Stockholm Municipality. The sampling sites were distributed all over the entire municipality with a higher sampling density in the city centre. Soils were sampled to a maximum depth of 25 to 60 cm. Soil texture, total-C content, electrical conductivity and pH were analysed. Heavy metal concentrations were determined after wet digestion with boiling7 M HNO₃.The results showed a wide range in heavy metal concentrations, as well as in other soil properties. The city centre soils constituted a rather homogeneous group whereas outside this areano geographical zones could be distinguished. These soils were grouped based on present land use, i.e. undisturbed soils, public parks, wasteland (mainly former industrial areas), and roadside soils. The city centre and wasteland soils generally hadenhanced heavy metal concentrations to at least 30 cm depth compared to park soils outside the city centre and rural (arable)soils in the region, which were used to estimate background levels. For example, the mean Hg concentration was 0.9 (max 3.3)mg kg^-1 soil at 0–5 cm and 1.0 (max 2.9) at 30 cm depth in the city centre soils, while the background level was 0,04 mg kg^-1. Corresponding values for Pb were 104 (max 444) and135 (max 339) mg kg^-1, at 0–5 and 30 cm, respectively, while the background level was 17 mg kg^-1.The average soil pools (0–30 cm depth) of Cu, Pb and Zn were 21,38 and 58 g m^-2 respectively, which for Pb was 3–4 timeshigher and for Cu and Zn 1.5–2 times higher than the backgroundlevel. The total amount of accumulated metals (down to 30 cm)in the city centre soils (4.5^*10 ⁶ m² public gardens and green areas) was estimated at 80, 1.1, 120 and 40 t for Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, respectively. The study showed (1) thatfrom a metal contamination point of view, more homogeneous soilgroups were obtained based on present land use than on geographicdistance to the city centre, (2) the importance of establishing a background level in order to quantify the degree of contamination, and (3) soil samples has to be taken below the surface layer (and deeper than 30 cm) in order to quantify theaccumulated metal pools in urban soils.     

贵州省典型铅锌矿区潜在有毒元素(PTEs)物源甄别、生态风险评价及控制因素

贵州省碳酸盐岩和玄武岩广泛发育,潜在有毒元素(PTEs)具有天然的高含量低活性属性,在PTEs高背景区开展生态风险健康评价和识别潜在来源具有重要意义.贵州省赫章县是典型的成土母质为碳酸盐岩和玄武岩的土壤PTEs高背景区,全县分布有18处大型以上的铅锌矿和铁矿,PTEs来源复杂,潜在生态风险较高.在赫章县采集土壤表层样品...     

浙江省武义县三坑口滑坡分析及减灾对策

浙江省东南部的沿海山区丘陵地带，每年梅雨季节和台风讯期的集中降水和强降雨引发的滑坡、泥石流等突发性地质灾害，给地质环境原本就脆弱的山区人民的基本建设和生产生活造成了严重的威胁。分析山区滑坡灾害的发生机理，提出工程防治措施，是本文的研究目的。通过对浙江省武义县三坑口滑坡的岩性、滑体、滑动面的特征等水文地质条件的实地调查，分析滑坡各部分的稳定性后，文章指出：研究区滑坡的形成机制是该区地质构造背景、气候降雨和人类不合理的工程活动等因素综合作用的结果。需因地制宜地采取社会防范对策和工程技术防治措施，为当地突发性地质灾害的预警预报，构建和谐、科学和可持续的山区民居生存环境，为各级政府制定减灾政策提供可靠的技术依据。     

地质高背景农田土壤下不同水稻品种对Cd的累积特征及影响因素

选取2种地质高背景农田土壤（马岭和云表）,盆栽条件下种植7种不同水稻品种（宁两优1号、Y两优1号、深两优、泰两优、粤晶丝苗、油占八号和黄华占）,分析比较不同水稻对Cd的吸收累积特征,并探究可能的影响因素.结果表明：①两种地质高背景土壤下种植的7种水稻稻米Cd含量均未超标（GB 2762-2017）,其中深两优稻米Cd含量最低;②7种水稻稻米Cd含量均表现出在马岭土壤种植的高于在云表土壤种植的;③冗余和相关分析发现,稻米Cd累积主要是受水稻株高、根表面积、土壤全Cd含量、抽穗期土壤EC和Eh等因素影响.两种土壤中影响稻米Cd累积的主要因素存在差异：云表土壤下稻米Cd含量与水稻根长呈极显著相关;马岭土壤下稻米Cd含量与水稻地上部生物量呈极显著相关.     

潜流水平湿地对农业灌溉径流氮磷的去除

构建了潜流水平芦苇湿地,对农业灌溉径流(TN约为7mg/L,TP约为0.5mg/L)中氮磷进行了为期1年的去除研究.在水力停留时间(HRT)为2,4,6d时,TP和TN的去除率均大于87%和68%.湿地对TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP的去除受HRT的影响较大(P<0.05),对PO₄^3--P的去除受HRT的影响较小.在不同HRT情况下,NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO3--N和PO₄^3--P的去除率均高于93%,出水浓度一般均小于0.04mg/L.且出水中的TP和TN主要为有机态,存在一个TP和TN背景浓度.TN去除率与负荷之间具有很好的相关性(R2=0.9968),但是TP去除率与负荷之间相关性较差(R²=0.5987).以HRT为2d计算,1m²的芦苇床处理该农业灌溉径流的能力为0.1m³/d,出水TN和TP浓度可控制在0.50mg/L和0.154mg/L以下.     

丹江口水库总氮含量较高的调查分析

通过对丹江口水库库区、河南省辖入库河流及其它水体含氮类指标的对比,对水库总氮偏高的原因加以分析,指出总氮标准与硝酸盐、氨氮标准有差异的问题,提出合理评价总氮指标及水库水质、加强水质保护措施的建议.