Concentration of Organochlorine Pollutants in Surface Waters of the Central European Biosphere Reserve Krivoklatsko (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope The article is focused on dioxin, furan, PCB and organochlorine pesticide monitoring in the surface waters of the Central European, protected natural reserve Krivoklatsko, under the UNESCO programme Man and Biosphere. Persistent compounds are presently transported via different means throughout the entire world. This contamination varies significantly between sites. This raises the question of what constitutes the naturally occurring background levels of POPs in natural, unpolluted areas, but which are close to industrialised regions. Information of real background POP contamination can be of high value for risk assessment management of those sites evidently polluted and for the defining of de-contamination limits. Preserved areas should not be seen as isolated regions in which the impacts of human activities and natural factors are either unexpected or overlooked. Every ambient region, even those protected by a law or other means, are still closely connected to neighbouring human developed and impacted areas, and are therefore subject to this anthropogenic contamination. These areas adjacent to natural reserves are sources of diverse substances, via entry of air, water, soil and/or biota. After an extended period of industrial activities, organochlorine pollutants, even those emitted in trace concentrations have reached detectable levels. For future research and for the assessment of environmental changes, present levels of contamination would be of high importance. This work publishes data of the contamination with organochlorine pollutants of this natural region, where biodiversity and ecological functions are of the highest order. Materials and Methods: Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were utilised as the sampling system. SPMDs were deployed in two small creeks and one water reservoir selected in the central part of the Krivoklatsko Natural Reserve, where it could be expected that any possible contamination by POPs would be lowest. The exposed SPMDs were analysed both for chemical contents of POPs and for toxicity properties. The chemical analyses of dibenzo-dioxins, dibenzo-furans, PCBs and OCPs were analysed by GC/MS/MS on GCQ or PolarisQ (Thermoquest). Toxicity bioassays were performed on the alga Desmodesmus subspicatus, bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustacean Daphnia magna. All toxicity data were expressed as the effective volume Vtox. Vtox is a toxicity parameter, the determination of which is independent of SPMD deployment time and pre-treatment dilution (unlike, for example, the EC50 of the SPMD extract). Results: The following chemical parameters were monitored: 1) tetra, penta, hexa and hepta dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans; 2) all those detectable from tri- through deca-polychloriated biphenyls (PCBs) and 3) a group of organochlorine pesticides: hexachlorobenzene and isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane, DDE, DDD and DDT. The concentrations of dioxins and furans on the assessed sites varied from under detection levels up to 7 pg.l-1; PCBs were detected in a sum concentration up to 2.8 ng.l-1; and organochlorine pesticides up to 346 pg.l-1. The responses of bioassays used were very low, with the values obtained for Vtox being under 0.03 l/d. Discussion: Toxicity testing showed no toxicity responses, demonstrating that the system used is in coherence with the ecological status of the assessed sites. Values of Vtox were under the critical value – showing no toxicity. The PCA of chemical analysis data and toxicity responses resulted in no correlations between these two groups of parameters. This demonstrated that the present level of contamination has had no direct adverse effects on the biota. Conclusions: The concentration values of six EPA-listed, toxic dioxins and sums of tetra-hepta dioxins; nine EPA toxic dibenzofurans and the sums of tetra-hepta bibenzofurans are presented together with all tri-deka PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (alfa-, beta-, gama-, delta-HCH, HCB, opDDE, ppDDE, opDDD, ppDDD, opDDT, ppDDT). These values represent possible current regional natural background values of these substances monitored within the Central European region, with no recorded adverse effects on the freshwater ecosystem (up until the present time). Recommendations and Perspectives: Assessment of dioxins, furans and other organochlorine compounds within natural reserves can be important for the monitoring of human-induced impacts on preserved areas. No systematic monitoring of these substances in areas not directly affected by industry has generally been realised. There is a paucity of data of the presence of any of these substances within natural regions. Further monitoring of contamination of both soil and biota by dioxins and furans in preserve regions is needed and can be used for future monitoring of man-made activities and/or accidents. Semipermeable membrane devices proved to be a very good sampling system for the monitoring of trace concentrations of ambient organochlorine compounds. Toxicity evaluation using the Vtox concept demonstrated that those localities assessed expressed no toxicity.     

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永兴岛大气CH4浓度变化特征及影响因子研究

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认为节约型社会的理论前提和基础有生态政治理论、环境资源承载能力理论、资源生态经济理论、资源生态化和环境资源化理论等。对节约型社会的目标、节约型社会的理念、基本原则等进行了探讨。对节约型社会的法律问题进行了界定。     

青岛营房地区土壤氡浓度的调查与评价

根据在营房地区开展的土壤氡浓度的调查工作，以实测结果与地质背景及现场特征分析相结合，推断该地区总体土壤氡浓度及其分布状况。简要叙述了RaA法测氡的基本原理，野外工作方法及数据处理方法；对不同地质单元、不同测量对象、不同人居环境分类的土壤氡浓度进行统计。分析了土壤氡浓度的干扰因素和氡高背景区的分布特征与形成原因，给出了氡高背景区危害的防治对策。     

Analysis of chemical composition of precipitation in a typical background site

A background precipitation in Lijiang, China was investigated. Results showed that the chemical composition of atmospheric background precipitation mainly comes from fly ash and continental atmospheric transfer, and does not have any obvious correlation with oceanic aerosol, taking Amsterdam in the Pacific ocean and St. Georges in the Atlantic ocean and Katherine,Australia as examples for analysis.     

西安北部地区强震孕育深部背景研究

本文通过对地震P波速度场、Q值分布、VP/VS分布和地质构造的研究,探讨了西安北部地区强震分布的深部背景.结果表明在该地区很可能存在深层物质上升,从而表现出地震活动与P波速度场、Q值分布和VP/VS分布的相关性.     

HpGe γ谱仪本底变化对环境样品放射性测量结果的影响

在环境样品测量过程中,本底涨落对天然核素测量结果的影响应根据其在谱仪中计数率的高低具体分析.用γ谱仪测量介质中天然放射性核素的活度浓度时,必然要进行本底谱的扣除,由此会带来一定的误差.对一台N型HpGe γ谱仪在8年间的23个本底谱进行了研究,并分析了本底涨落对测量结果的影响.研究发现,被测介质中天然放射性核素的活度浓度越低,本底涨落越大,由扣除本底引入的误差就越大.     

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