Determination of Background Concentrations of Inorganics in Soils and Sediments at Hazardous Waste Sites

Hazardous waste sites may pose a threat to human health and the environment when toxic substances are released. However, the contaminants present at a waste site may have originated on-site (i.e., resulting from releases attributable to site activities) or off-site (i.e., resulting from sources not on-site). Off-site substances may result either from natural sources (e.g., erosion of naturally occurring mineral deposits) or anthropogenic sources (e.g., widespread contamination from automobile exhaust in urban areas). To determine the appropriate action to take at a hazardous waste site, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must distinguish between substances directly attributable to the hazardous waste site (i.e., site contaminants) and those attributable to natural background concentrations. The most important factor to consider when determining background concentrations is to ensure that the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the media to be sampled at both the contaminated site and the background site are as similar as possible. Inorganics, in particular metals, are addressed. Radionuclides are not specifically addressed; however, metals with radioactive isotopes that may be encountered at hazardous waste sites are included. There are references and data included in this paper that provide average concentrations and reference values for selected soils and sediments in the United States. Suggested sampling and monitoring design approaches that could be used by scientists and engineers faced with how to determine background concentrations are identified. The issues discussed include the selection of background sampling locations, considerations in the selection of sampling procedures, and statistical analyses for determining whether contaminant levels are significantly different on a potential waste site compared with a background site.     

厂界噪声几种特殊情况的背景值修正

国家标准(GB12349—90)规定的扣除背景噪声值是一种理想化的状态，在实际监测中常常会遇到背景噪声不能满足测量要求，这使背景噪声的测量结果及修正产生失准，本文分析了这些问题并提出了相应的解决办法。     

试论如何提高大学生的英语阅读能力

阅读在英语学习中起着十分重要的作用,如何提高学生的阅读能力是值得每个教师研究的问题。经过多年的教学现察和实践,笔着认为让学生学会在阅读中猜测词义、掌握提高阅读速度的方法、掌握阅读技巧、了解文化背景知识,将对学生的阅读能力的提高有所帮助。     

额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩形成的动力学环境

通过对额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩新的岩石化学、微量元素、构造等方面的分析， 表明该地区中生代火山岩（主要指塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩、上库力组（Ｋ_１ｓ）火山岩是形成在的明 显的挤压环境中；再结合区域构造、区域岩浆作用、古地磁特征和稳定同位素分析，笔者得出以 下认识；１、该区中生代火山岩岩浆来源较深（幔源）；岩浆是挤压背景下，“减压－剪切”作用的产 物，而不是裂谷环境中的产物，从而使得岩浆在演化过程中混入了大量的壳源物质；２、中生代火 山活动大致分两个亚族回，其中塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩和上库力组（Ｋ_１Ｓ）火山岩是同一岩浆亚 族回的产物，并构成一个完整的亚族回。     

洛阳数字地震资料评比存在的问题与解决方法思考

本文针对洛阳地震台数字地震资料分析的现状,研究了影响洛阳地震台数字地震分析质量的因素,主要包括:地震地质构造背景,数字、模拟地震记录的差异性和数字地震记录的信息复杂性,干扰背景,震级误差等。洛阳为弱震区,这种特殊的构造背景不易改变;可以研究数字地震记录的规律,提高震相的识别能力;设计了MATLAB滤波(数字信号处理)程序,在震相分析前首先过滤干扰信号;总结测量误差规律和震级校正系数,从而提高数字地震分析质量。     

Heavy metals in soils and crops in Southeast Asia

In a reconnaissance soil geochemical and plant survey undertaken to study the heavy metal uptake by major food crops in Malaysia, 241 soils were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (C), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and available phosphorus (P) using appropriate procedures. These soils were also analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia digestion, together with 180 plant samples using nitric acid digestion. Regression analysis between the edible plant part and aqua regia soluble soil As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations sampled throughout Peninsular Malaysia, indicated a positive relationship for Pb in all the plants sampled in the survey (R ² = 0.195, p < 0.001), for Ni in corn (R ² = 0.649, p < 0.005), for Cu in chilli (R ² = 0.344, p < 0.010) and for Zn in chilli (R ² = 0.501, p < 0.001). Principal component analysis of the soil data suggested that concentrations of Co, Ni, Pb and Zn were strongly correlated with concentrations of Al and Fe, which is suggestive of evidence of background variations due to changes in soil mineralogy. Thus the evidence for widespread contamination of soils by these elements through agricultural activities is not strong. Chromium was correlated with soil pH and EC, Na, S, and Ca while Hg was not correlated with any of these components, suggesting diffuse pollution by aerial deposition. However As, Cd, Cu were strongly associated with organic matter and available and aqua regia soluble soil P, which we attribute to inputs in agricultural fertilisers and soil organic amendments (e.g. manures, composts).     

卡林型金矿床的特征和成因

卡林型金矿床主要分布在北美大盆地地区科迪勒拉造山带、科罗拉多地台和我国扬子地块西南缘的板内古生代 -中生代沉降带和西北缘古生代 -中生代冒地槽。具有分布局限、成矿集中的特点 ,形成许多超大型矿床。金矿床成矿域发育一套大面积分布的巨厚的古 -中生代冒地槽建造 ,同成矿期的岩浆活动和构造活动强烈 ,有利于形成各种地热体系和流体活动。金矿床往往形成成矿带 ,单个金矿床的规模大小不一 ,矿化受构造、围岩和深部流体控制 ,围岩一般具有还原性质。围岩蚀变为去碳酸盐化、硅化、泥化、硫化物化和重晶石化等。金与砷黄铁矿、黄铁矿及毒砂紧密相关 ,以次显微金的形式存在。其他矿物为雄黄、雌黄、重晶石、辉锑矿、石英、方解石、含铊矿物以及表生矿物明矾石和黄钾铁矾等。成矿流体中水为大气降水 ,碳、硫主要来源于矿床围岩和以下岩石 ,少量可能来源于深部。矿床形成于浅 -中等深度。提出了大气降水热液、岩浆热液、变质热液和卤水成矿等卡林型金矿床形成模式 ,大气降水成因模式能较好解释金矿床的地质地球化学特征。     

土壤重金属地球化学背景值影响因素的研究

在北京、天津、济南、南京、广州和广东省采集了46个土壤样品,样品包括由花岗岩、片麻岩、辉长岩,橄榄辉长岩和石灰岩发育的褐土、黄棕壤、红壤、黄壤、赤红壤、砖红壤和石灰土。测定了样品中铜、锌、锰、铬,钴、镍、铅和砷的含量并进行了Q型因子分析和两组线性判别分析。结果表明,可将46个土壤划分为由酸性岩发育的土壤和由基性岩发育的土壤两大类。酸性岩土壤又可再划分为高铅花岗岩和低铅花岗岩土壤两组.基性岩土壤也可再划分为火成岩土壤和沉积岩(石灰岩)土壤两组。结果又表明,46个土壤的8种重金属元素的地球化学背景值与母岩类型之间的关系远比与土壤类型之间的关系更为密切。     

华东高山背景点大气气态汞含量与传输特征

利用高时间分辨率自动测汞仪（Tekran 2537B）于2017年6月~2018年5月对武夷山气态元素汞（GEM）进行了连续1a的观测.结果表明，武夷山GEM年均浓度为（1.70±0.43）ng/m³，稍高于北半球背景值，表明武夷山受到一定程度的大气汞污染.GEM浓度表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季，季风和风速是影响武夷山GEM季节变化的主要因素.武夷山四季GEM表现为不同的日变化特征，早上8：00之后，春秋季GEM继续呈现下降趋势，其他季节则呈现先升后降再上升，并在晚上不同时刻出现峰值.GEM值白天低于晚上，这与风速和汞的长距离迁移有关.后向轨迹和浓度权重轨迹分析结果表明，偏西风背景下污染气团经江西向武夷山输送是大气汞迁移的主要路径，而江西和福建中北部为武夷山大气汞污染的潜在源区.△GEM/△CO值表明武夷山GEM汞污染主要来源于人为工业排放，生物质燃烧贡献较弱.     

Urban Geochemistry: Investigations in the Berlin Metropolitan Area

The distribution of 41 trace and 11 major elements in 4000 samples of topsoils (0–20cm) from the Berlin Megacity is interpreted. The detailed comparative analysis of the element distributions and the results of factor analysis showed that the distributions of the elements Al, K, Na, Rb, Zr, Nb and Ti are mainly natural origin, i.e. related to the composition of the parent material. Industrial and commercial areas often display considerably elevated values for Mo, Ni, As, Ag, Cr, Sb, Fe, Mn, Mg, P, TOC and especially Pb, Hg and electrical conductivity relative to the geogenic background of the area surrounding Berlin. Industrial areas tend to be characterised by contamination of the subsoil with Cu, Cd, Zn, Hg, Pb and Sn. In the area around Berlin, extensive, strong anamalies of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Hg occur near iron and steel industries and construction materials industries, as well as in the vicinity of sewage farms.