高原深水湖泊沉积物重金属背景值研究及潜在生态风险评估

为了解青藏高原湖区典型深水湖泊——羊卓雍错沉积物重金属污染水平及当前生态风险,以表层沉积物为基础,采用参考元素法计算研究区的重金属背景值,并对重金属生态风险状况进行了初步评估.结果表明:①羊卓雍错沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的背景值分别为（27.49±11.39）（22.53±4.74）（15.93±6.44）（28.22±9.68）（11.96±2.34）（0.22±0.11）（0.04±0.03）（11.59±5.29）mg/kg.②羊卓雍错表层沉积物重金属生态风险指数为66.96~227.79,平均值为119.45,各采样点重金属潜在生态风险均处于低风险或中等风险,流域整体处于低风险.③羊卓雍错表层沉积物中8种重金属的潜在生态风险顺序为Hg > Cd > As > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cr > Zn,各重金属生态风险指数范围为0.97~123.25,平均值在1.01~56.67之间,除Hg处于中等风险外,其余7种重金属均处于低风险状态.研究显示,参考元素法可便捷、准确地计算受人类活动影响较小湖泊的沉积物重金属背景值,当前羊卓雍错沉积物中重金属质量分数主要受背景值影响,而人类活动对重金属污染亦有贡献,需适当加强关注.      

PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)资料同化及在南京青奥会期间的应用试验

建立了面向PM_(2.5)和PM10观测资料的三维变分同化系统,并在南京地区青奥会期间进行了同化和预报试验.同化系统的控制变量为PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)(PM10中扣除PM_(2.5)后剩余部分),利用南京地区2014年8月的WRF-Chem模拟结果,估计了PM_(2.5)和PM_(2.5~10)的背景误差协方差,发现在水平和垂直方向上PM_(2.5)的相关系数随距离的衰减均小于PM_(2.5~10),这可能与PM_(2.5)粒径小、生命史长,在大气中传播地更远有关.利用南京及周边区域的134个监测站PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)逐时观测资料,对青奥会期间(2014年8月16~28日)进行滚动同化和预报试验,并利用模式最内层观测资料进行检验分析,结果表明同化对初始场有显著改进,PM_(2.5)和PM10的相关系数均提高53%以上,均方根误差降低55%以上,平均偏差则降低了90%左右;同化试验对其后的预报场也有明显改进,正效应可以持续到20h以后,模式对PM10的预报效果好于PM_(2.5).     

春季沙尘过程对华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的影响

于2014年3—5月在国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站采集了PM2.5及PM2.5~10样品,利用离子色谱对其中的水溶性组分进行分析,并同步收集气象因子及污染物质量浓度数据,结合后向气流轨迹,分离出受沙尘影响的样品,探讨了春季沙尘过程华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性组分的特征.结果表明,春季武夷山背景点沙尘影响期间颗粒物质量浓度及各水溶性离子浓度均比非沙尘期高,在粗粒子中表现更为明显;沙尘期间NO-3在粗粒子中明显富集,NO-3浓度显著升高;受沙尘影响,粗粒子中阳离子与阴离子的当量浓度比及NO2的二次转化率均明显升高.     

本底大气CO2观测分析过程中QA/QC方法的建立与评估

建立科学规范的本底大气CO2采样观测分析过程中的质量保证与质量控制方法,是实现该数据资源同化和共享的基础.本研究以中国气象局温室气体网络化采样观测经验为基础,以便携式采样观测、波长扫描-光腔衰荡(WS-CRDS)分析技术为例,系统介绍了我国青海瓦里关全球本底站大气中CO2采样观测过程中的质量保证措施,样品分析过程中的玻璃瓶质量保证措施和样品分析过程中的系统质量控制方法、数据处理过程中的校正方法、数据分级质量标记和数据拟合插补方法等;并重点对该方法中几个关键步骤进行了评估验证;最后,应用本研究方法,对我国3个区域大气本底站CO2的采样观测数据进行了处理和浓度变化特征分析,说明本研究方法也可以较好地捕捉区域和局地环境因素影响对观测结果的影响,并客观、准确地反映该区域的自然和人为活动特征.     

数理统计方法在岷沱江水环境背景值计算中的应用

统计单元的划分，异常值的剔除，分布类型检验及背景值的表征是环境背景值计算中的四个关键环节，本文就其应用进行了较为系统地讨论。     

应用遥感与地理信息系统评价公路地质背景的方法

在公路的预设计阶段 ,需要快速、廉价的公路地质背景信息 ,遥感与GIS技术正能满足这种要求。本文认为利用遥感与GIS评价公路地质背景应包括地理因素、地质条件、水文地质与工程地质等因素 ,空间评价应从公路分段评价、重点工程评价、地质灾害分布三方面进行。本文介绍了应用这种方法对贵州省镇兴公路关岭至兴仁段的地质背景评价     

Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe

Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C₇F₁₄, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C₆F₁₂, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C₈F₁₆, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3 fl ℓ^-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33 fl ℓ^-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8 fl ℓ^-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe.     

Determination activity of radionuclides in marine sediment by gamma spectrometer with anti cosmic shielding

In this work, the activities of radionuclides in a marine sediment sample have been determined. The gamma spectrometer comprises an N type coaxial HPGe detector with active shielding to reduce cosmic background. The mass activities of radionuclides have been derived and found to be around a few Bq kg⁻¹ to several hundreds Bq kg⁻¹ with relative uncertainties in this paper quoted corresponding to the combined standard uncertainties (k = 1).     

浙江省地质灾害现状及防治措施

概述了浙江省地质灾害的发生背景及灾害现状;从行政管理与技术治理两方面提出了地质灾害防治措施。     

Air Quality in Norwich, UK Multi-Scale Modelling to Assess the Significance of City, County and Regional Pollution Sources

Norwich is the eastern most city in the United Kingdom. Despite a population of only 100,000 and very little local industry, studies have shown that the city experiences levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulates and sulphur dioxide exceeding the UK Air Quality Standards. Because of Norwich's situation within a large, predominantly rural area a large non-resident workforce is one factor that contributes to large, often very congested traffic flows. The city's location close to the European mainland also exposes it to polluted airmasses transported from the continent, especially in the case of particulates and ozone. In order to assess the relative contributions of local and regional sources, data from rural and urban monitoring sites are to be used in conjunction with ADMS-Urban and the UK Meteorological Office's NAME model.