Flo—mate2000型流速仪快速测量水体流量的探讨

在日常环境监测工作中,测量水体流量变得越来越重要,而一些常用流量计不能满足各种水体的流量测量,使用流速仪法测量水体流速从而计算出流量成为常用手段。以桂林市环境监测中心站所使用的Flo-mate2000型流速仪为例,阐述如何使用流速仪测量并计算出各种排放方式下的水体流量,以及实际工作中经常遇到的一些问题及解决方法。     

寒冷地区人工湿地保温措施及运行方式优化研究

通过对垂直流人工湿地冬季运行保温效果的研究,得出这种湿地类型在冬季没有保温措施的情况下,也不会造成布水管道的冻结,有机物去除率在70%以上;在进行简单保温措施后,处理效果显著提高,有机物去除率普遍在80%以上,说明垂直流人工湿地在西北寒冷地区的应用没有问题。另外,冬季低温运行时可通过优化运行方式提高湿地的除污和抗冻能力。     

不同交通状况下道路边大气颗粒物数浓度粒径分布特征

研究了不同交通状况下北京交通环境大气颗粒物数浓度的污染特征.应用扫描电迁移率颗粒粒径谱仪(SMPS)测定了2009年8月常规交通状况和2008年8月奥运交通状况下北四环道路边大气颗粒物的数浓度,分析了数浓度的粒径分布特征及其逐时变化规律,目的为辨析交通流改变对交通环境中颗粒物数浓度的影响.常规交通状况下道路边超细颗粒物(10～100nm)和10～478 nm颗粒物总粒数浓度分别为(1.15±0.49)×104个.cm-3、(1.61±0.57)×104个.cm-3,奥运交通状况下分别下降到(0.55±0.14)×104个.cm-3、(1.21±0.24)×104个.cm-3,不同粒径段中超细颗粒物数浓度降幅最高,为52.2%.常规交通状况下道路边大气中颗粒物粒数浓度呈双峰分布,峰值粒径依次为22.5 nm和113.0 nm.奥运期间由于机动车单双号限行和黄标车禁行等措施的实施,22.5 nm处颗粒物数浓度峰值消失.粒径分布逐时变化显示,常规交通状况下00:00～04:00柴油车流量高峰、11:00～13:00高温强光照和17:00～20:00交通晚高峰这3个时段内超细颗粒物数浓度较高;而奥运期间受到交通流量下降、平均车速提高等因素影响,道路边颗粒物数浓度粒径分布逐时变化趋于平缓.     

地下水曝气修复过程的三维数值模拟

地下水曝气法是去除挥发性有机污染物的重要原位修复方法之一,目前已得到广泛应用,但其现场设计主要依据经验,缺乏系统的设计标准.为深入了解曝气去除污染物过程,并为现场设计提供重要参考依据,针对地下水曝气过程开展了数值模拟研究.水气两相渗流数值模型以水压力和气压力作为基本未知量,利用达西定律和质量守恒原理可以建立水气两相渗流过程的控制方程.利用Van Genuchten(VG)模型及Mualem公式,建立渗透系数-饱和度-基质吸力(K-S-P)三者之间的关系.污染物的去除过程则是在水气两相渗流的基础上,引入污染物的溶质运移、相间交换及生物降解模型.采用开发的有限元数值模型,对地下水曝气过程及污染物去除过程进行三维数值模拟,并将三维数值模拟的结果与二维数值模拟的结果进行对比.结果表明,三维模型的曝气影响区域偏小,在曝气口附近,水有效饱和度最小;在曝气口上方,水饱和度先增大后减小.考虑气体所受的浮力作用或不考虑气体可压缩性均会使计算得到的曝气影响区域偏小.污染物去除边界与曝气影响区域的边界基本一致,在曝气区域内,溶质交换过程大大促进了污染物的去除速率;在曝气区域外,污染物的去除主要通过生物降解作用,去除较慢.结果表明实际工程地下水曝气修复系统设计时,应使得曝气影响区域覆盖污染区域以得到较好的修复效果.研究结果表明,两相渗流模型结合污染物迁移转化模型的三维有限元数值模拟可以较好地模拟地下水曝气法去除污染物的全过程,对地下水曝气的设计、应用与效果评价具有重要指导意义.     

山区农民泥石流灾害风险感知和可接受风险研究

基于泥石流灾害可接受风险调查问卷的分析,从泥石流灾害关注程度和类型、可接受性及灾害可接受风险3个方面阐述农民对泥石流灾害可接受风险的感知和态度。研究结果表明：(1)农民普遍关注泥石流灾害,主要关注的灾害后果是财产损失,财产损失中主要关注的是房屋;(2)农民对泥石流灾害可接受性分别是：距离为<5 km、频次为100年1次或更长时间1次、预警时间为<1 h和保险费用为<100元;(3)农民可接受的受灾人数、死亡人数、死亡比例、个人直接经济损失和总直接经济损失分别为≤100人、≤1人、≤5×10^-7/a、≤1 000元和≤10万元;(4)影响农民对泥石流灾害风险感知和风险态度以及可接受风险水平的主要人口特征是36～45岁、女性、受教育程度初中学历以及收入<1 000元/月的群体。     

基于凸形壁面的虚拟冲击式呼吸性粉尘采样器研究*

为研究满足BMRC曲线的呼吸尘采样器,提高呼吸尘采样的准确性,基于虚拟冲击原理,针对隔离主流和弱流通道壁面的形状,提出1种基于虚拟冲击原理的呼吸尘采样器的改进结构,并对不同模型进行模拟仿真实验,利用Ansys Fluent气-固2相流模拟采样器中的流场,对呼吸性粉尘颗粒在流场内的运动轨迹进行跟踪,对仿真得到的呼吸尘分离效能与BMRC曲线的标准进行对比。结果表明:相比采样器原型和主弱流壁面形状为“凹型”,虚拟冲击式呼吸尘采样器主弱流壁面形状为“凸型”时对呼吸尘采样的效果更好,同时分离效能与BMRC曲线的标准差为δ=2.65%,满足偏差小于等于5%的要求。研究结果可为呼吸尘采样器的优化设计提供参考。     

圆锥形喷嘴出口直径对水射流冲击动力特性的影响研究*

为探讨喷嘴结构对水射流冲击动力特性的影响,以圆锥形喷嘴为研究对象,基于COMSOL数值模拟软件,建立不同出口直径的圆锥形喷嘴模型,研究出口直径对水射流冲击动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:圆锥形喷嘴水射流冲击煤岩体过程中,不同喷嘴出口直径下水射流流场分布特征相似,整个流场可分为集中区、发散区、回流区和卷吸区4个区域,随喷嘴出口直径增大,卷吸区逐渐消失,其余3个区域分布也明显减弱;煤岩体应力分布可分为中心应力集中区和两侧应力集中区,随喷嘴出口直径不断增大,中心应力集中区与两侧应力集中区的范围逐渐减小,当喷嘴出口直径为6 mm时,两侧应力集中区基本消失;主体段入口速度恒定条件下,圆锥形喷嘴优选以2~3 mm出口直径为宜,此时水射流冲击煤岩体效果较佳,且不会对喷嘴产生结构破坏。     

Green research and development (R&D) investment and its impact on the market value of firms: evidence from South African mining firms

The importance of global corporate green research and development (R&D) investment is gaining momentum and South Africa is no exception. This paper examines growing economic perceptions that green financial and stock-market systems result in heightened corporate hyperopia and therefore increase long-term and future green investment associated with R&D. It reports on the findings of a survey of 14 South African mining firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange SRI index. The study found, that, these firms’ market value showed a positive association with Green R&D. It also revealed increased Green R&D activity among large mining firms in the country and that they are highly likely to maintain their level of such investment in the coming years. The study's outcomes thus add to the body of empirical knowledge on firm hyperopia in relation to corporate greening initiatives.     

Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Simulated Evapotranspiration and Streamflow over Texas Using the WRF‐Hydro‐RAPID Modeling Framework

This study assesses a large‐scale hydrologic modeling framework (WRF‐Hydro‐RAPID) in terms of its high‐resolution simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) and streamflow over Texas (drainage area: 464,135 km²). The reference observations used include eight‐day ET data from MODIS and FLUXNET, and daily river discharge data from 271 U.S. Geological Survey gauges located across a climate gradient. A recursive digital filter is applied to decompose the river discharge into surface runoff and base flow for comparison with the model counterparts. While the routing component of the model is pre‐calibrated, the land component is uncalibrated. Results show the model performance for ET and runoff is aridity‐dependent. ET is better predicted in a wet year than in a dry year. Streamflow is better predicted in wet regions with the highest efficiency ~0.7. In comparison, streamflow is most poorly predicted in dry regions with a large positive bias. Modeled ET bias is more strongly correlated with the base flow bias than surface runoff bias. These results complement previous evaluations by incorporating more spatial details. They also help identify potential processes for future model improvements. Indeed, improving the dry region streamflow simulation would require synergistic enhancements of ET, soil moisture and groundwater parameterizations in the current model configuration. Our assessments are important preliminary steps towards accurate large‐scale hydrologic forecasts.     

Streamflow Depletion Modeling: Methods for an Adaptable and Conjunctive Water Management Decision Support Tool

Groundwater pumping depletes streamflow, which can have significant ecological impacts depending on the magnitude of depletion relative to environmental flow needs. Streamflow depletion estimates from groundwater pumping have been quantified using both analytical and numerical methods, but are not routinely compared to environmental flow needs or used in practical water management tools. Decision support tools that incorporate groundwater dynamics are becoming increasingly necessary for water managers as groundwater regulations become more important in environmental policy, particularly concerning the preservation of environmental flow needs. We develop and apply methods for a web‐based decision support tool for conjunctive groundwater and surface water management, demonstrated using a case study watershed in British Columbia, Canada. Open‐source data are analyzed with a combination of spatial algorithms and previously developed analytical models, such that the tool can be applied to other regions. Streamflow depletion estimates are calculated in four regions in the largely undeveloped Bulkley Valley, British Columbia. Our transparent methodology has geographic and data input flexibility which is a significant improvement on currently existing water management tool methods.