膜污染及其防治措施研究

膜污染是膜生物反应器的主要问题,严重影响了废水处理的效果.膜生物反应器中膜污染的问题是不可避免的,并且有很多因素影响着膜污染.在充分研究膜污染的原因和特征的基础上,可以通过选择最优的膜生物反应器类型,对料液进行预处理以及优化膜分离的操作条件来预防污染的形成.另外,膜的定期清洗和再生也是减轻膜污染所不可缺少的.通过合理的防治措施可以有效的减轻膜污染,使膜技术不断进步和完善,以便使其在水处理技术方面得到更广泛的应用.     

Three-dimensional field studies of thermal backwashing plumes

Using specially designed temperature profiling equipment, two surveys were conducted during thermal backwashing operations at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station to determine the spatial and temporal extent of temperature rises above ambient. Thermal backwashing is a process where biofouling is combated by a heat treatment procedure. Backwashing formed a thermal plume about 5- to 6-ft thick (1.5- to 1.8-m) in front of the intake screenwall. Maximum observed surface temperatures were 101.0°F (38.3°C), representing a rise (T) of about 43.4°F (24.1°C) above ambient. The frontal zone of the plume spread gradually seaward at about 0.2 kn. Its outer edge became thinner and rapidly cooled, presumably by advection and turbulent diffusion associated with currents from the reverse pumping and local changes from dissipation to the atmosphere. Along the intake shoreline, the plume was often less than 1 ft (0.3 m) thick. Most of the hot water was dissipated within several hundred feet of the intake with Ts of about 10.0 to 15.0°F (5.6 to 8.3°C) above ambient. Under the influence of 15 mph southwesterly winds during the second survey, some warmed water was apparently carried beyond the outer breakwaters into Cape Cod Bay. These surveys provided real-time data indicating that the backwashing operation caused a relatively thin thermal plume, which spread rapidly from the intake out across the study area and along the seaward breakwater. Within a few hours these backwash thermal plumes were completely dissipated.Formerly affiliated with Normandeau Associates, Inc., Bedford, New Hampshire.     

原水生物预处理的轻质滤料滤池和陶粒滤池运行效果对比

以我国北方某水库水作为试验用原水,对比研究了采用biostyrene轻质滤料为填料的新型生物滤池和生物陶粒滤池对该原水进行生物预处理时的实际运行情况.结果表明,作为一种生物预处理工艺,轻质滤料滤池处理过程可以明显地改善原水水质.对于该试验原水而言,轻质滤料滤池对COD_Mn的去除在5%～20%之间,对NH₄⁺-N的去除则达到80%～95%,出水浊度也得到一定程度地降低,说明该滤池用于饮用水水源生物预处理是可行的.试验结果还表明,在相同的运行条件下,轻质滤料滤池对原水中的污染物,特别是对有机污染物和浊度的去除效率低于陶粒滤池,反冲洗过程对其运行效果的负面影响也比陶粒滤池显著.     

搅拌式多介质过滤器在三元复合驱采出水处理中应用

三元复合驱采出水粘度高导致现有过滤器滤料板结,形成致密滤饼层,滤料无法彻底清洗,严重影响了过滤效果,出水水质难以达标。鉴于此,本项目开发了适合于高粘度废水处理用过滤器,通过采用桨式搅拌装置破坏滤料表层滤饼层,提高反冲洗效果,实现滤料彻底反冲洗。在大庆油田杏二中污水处理站采用该技术新建两座滤罐,研究了两级过滤处理效果。新建滤罐反冲洗压力维持0.2 mpa以内,水量稳定在400 m^3/h以上,解决了滤罐反冲洗憋压、跑料、滤料清洗不彻底问题,保证滤料彻底再生,提高了过滤效果,经二级过滤后出水油痕量,悬浮物在20 mg/L以下,达到油田污水回注标准。     

反冲洗周期对生物除锰滤池去除效果的影响

反冲洗周期是生物除铁除锰滤池的一个重要运行参数,实验中分别设定反冲洗周期为24、48和72h,考察反冲洗周期对成熟稳定运行的滤柱出水铁、锰、氨氮和浊度的影响。结果表明,不同反冲洗周期,滤柱对铁、锰和氨氮均有很好的去除效果,出水中的总Fe、Mn“和NH？-N的平均浓度分别为0．018、0．003和0．016mg／L,0．010、0．001和0．014mg/L,0．013、0．001和0．014mg／L,均远低于国家标准,说明反冲洗周期变化对三者的去除效果没有影响。反冲洗周期为24、48和72h时,出水平均浊度分别为0．27、0．38和0．57NTU,反冲洗周期越长,出水浊度越高。滤柱沿程浊度分析发现,浊度主要在0～O．4m去除,出水浊度与滤层厚度无关。反冲洗后5rain出水浊度为3．16NTU,15min降到了1NTU以下,25min降到了0．5NTU,60min大约降到了反冲洗前的水平。     

反冲洗周期对生物除锰滤池去除效果的影响简

反冲洗周期是生物除铁除锰滤池的一个重要运行参数,实验中分别设定反冲洗周期为24、48和72 h,考察反冲洗周期对成熟稳定运行的滤柱出水铁、锰、氨氮和浊度的影响。结果表明,不同反冲洗周期,滤柱对铁、锰和氨氮均有很好的去除效果,出水中的总Fe、Mn²⁺和NH₄⁺-N的平均浓度分别为0.018、0.003和0.016 mg/L,0.010、0.001和0.014 mg/L,0.013、0.001和0.014 mg/L,均远低于国家标准,说明反冲洗周期变化对三者的去除效果没有影响。反冲洗周期为24、48和72 h时,出水平均浊度分别为0.27、0.38和0.57 NTU,反冲洗周期越长,出水浊度越高。滤柱沿程浊度分析发现,浊度主要在0~0.4 m去除,出水浊度与滤层厚度无关。反冲洗后5 min出水浊度为3.16 NTU,15 min降到了1 NTU以下,25 min降到了0.5 NTU,60 min大约降到了反冲洗前的水平。     

污水深度处理过滤罐反冲洗工艺的优化

针对油田污水深度处理设备运行一段时间后出现的过滤罐过流量下降、反冲洗后短时间内污水含油量偏高等现象,对过滤罐的反冲洗工艺进行了调整,考察了反冲洗压力、反冲洗周期、反冲洗程序对过滤罐过滤效果的影响。试验结果表明:最佳反冲洗压力为250 k Pa,在此条件下滤料的更换周期长达半年之久,过流量约为310 m3/h;最佳反冲洗周期为35 min;调整后的反冲洗程序为在每次反冲洗前先不提起盖板,使滤料在压缩状态下水冲洗5 min,水冲洗完成后再开始正常的气、水反冲洗过程。调整反冲洗程序后过滤罐出口污水含油量下降了6 mg/L,平均值为8 mg/L。     

水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料反冲洗试验研究

反冲洗是快滤池的一项关键技术,反冲洗的效果关系到滤床下一个周期的过滤效果.试验证明水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料采用气-水反冲洗在冲洗效果、减少冲洗时间、降低冲洗耗水量及避免混层等方面比单水反冲洗有优势.在工程实践中水淬渣石英砂双层滤料反冲洗选用水强度为5L/m2·s、气强度为10L/m2·s、冲洗历时4min合适.     

逆出水方向曝气反冲洗在动态膜生物反应器中的应用

采用逆出水方向曝气措施对以无纺布构建的动态膜生物反应器生活污水处理系统中的动态膜进行在线反冲洗.当反冲洗曝气强度为5.6 m³/(m²·h)、反冲洗时间为5　min时,生物动态膜的恢复需要45　min,生物动态膜恢复后出水浊度保持在5　NTU以下.在该反冲洗条件下,反应器稳定运行2个月,反冲洗周期可以稳定在15　h左右.扫描电镜观察表明,逆出水方向曝气反冲洗能够有效破坏附着在膜基材上的生物动态膜.生物动态膜截留能力研究表明,新的生物动态膜形成后,反应器对相对分子质量3×10⁴以上的有机物的截留率大于50％.逆出水方向曝气是一种经济有效的动态膜反应器在线清洗方法.     

Effect of powdered activated carbon on Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor with electronic control backwashing

Chinese traditional medicine wastewater, rich in macromolecule and easy to foam in aerobic biodegradation such as Glycosides, was treated by two identical bench-scale aerobic submerged membrane bioreactors （SMBRs） operated in parallel under the same feed, equipped with the same electronic control backwashing device. One was used as the control SMBR （CSMBR） while the other was dosed with powdered activated carbon （PAC） （PAC-amended SMBR, PSMBR）. The backwashing interval was 5 min. One suction period was about 90 min by adjusting preestablished backwashing vacuum and pump frequency. The average flux of CSMBR during a steady periodic state of 24 d （576 h） was 5.87 L/h with average hydraulic residence time （HRT） of 5.97 h and that of PSMBR during a steady periodic state of 30 d （720 h） was 5.85 L/h with average HRT of 5.99 h. The average total chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency of CSMBR was 89.29% with average organic loading rate （OLR） at 4.16 kg COD/（m^3.d） while that of PSMBR was 89.79% with average OLR at 5.50 kg COD/（m^3.d）. COD concentration in the effluent of both SMBRs achieved the second level of the general wastewater effluent standard GB8978-1996 for the raw medicine material industry （300 mg/L）. Hence, SMBR with electronic control backwashing was a viable process for medium-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment. Moreover, the increasing rates of preestablished backwashing vacuum, pump frequency, and vacuum and flux loss caused by mixed liquor in PSMBR all lagged compared to those in CSMBR; thus the actual operating time of the PSMBR system without membrane cleaning was extended by up to 1.25 times in contrast with the CSMBR system, and the average total COD removal efficiency of PSMBR was enhanced with higher average OLR.