三门湾近海有机污染对浮游细菌群落的影响

近海污染问题日趋严重,因此亟需评价污染对海洋环境造成的潜在影响.微生物作为对环境变化的首要响应者,可能作为评价污染水平的指示生物.为此,本文采集三门湾和邻近鱼山保护区共21个站点的表层海水,利用Illumina技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,对比研究有机污染对浮游细菌群落的影响.三门湾的有机污染(A)为4.57±2.41,显著(P0.001)高于鱼山保护区0.43±0.74.三门湾和鱼山保护区的浮游细菌多样性和群落结构差异显著,其中三门湾水域的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)、SAR406的相对丰度显著高于鱼山保护区,而拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度低于鱼山保护区.多元回归树分析(multivariate regression tree,MRT)发现浮游细菌多样性主要受pH、有机污染和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的影响,分别控制了27.7%、15.6%和6.7%的多样性变异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis)结果表明驱动细菌群落变异环境因子为有机污染、pH和盐度(salinity),共解释了14.8%的群落变异.同时,空间距离与细菌群落组成显著相关,解释了4.42%的变异,表明浮游细菌的空间分布不是随机的.此外,本研究筛选到与有机污染状况显著相关的23个细菌科,各科相对丰度的变化与其已知的生态功能特征相吻合,因此可以作为潜在的有机污染指示种群.本实验结果表明近海有机污染显著地改变了浮游细菌群落结构,特别是潜在病原菌丰度的增加;此外,筛选到敏感指示种群用于评估有机污染程度.     

千岛湖水源水微生物安全性评价

千岛湖作为国家战略水源地,其微生物安全直接关系到千万居民的用水安全.为了研究千岛湖湖水的生物安全性,于2018-2019年采集了金竹牌取水口不同深度的水样,并检测了水样的可生物降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)、细菌再生长的潜力(BGP)、可培养细菌数、潜在的条件致病菌和细菌群落结构.结果显示,千岛湖水质属地表水Ⅱ～Ⅲ类水,...     

细菌信息素研究进展

有关细胞信号的研究一直是生物学研究中的热点课题,尤其是动物细胞信号系统的研究已很深入,发现了许多信号分子和信号传导途径.但对微生物而言,长期以来的认识都是微生物,特别是细菌,一般只能被动地感受环境的变化,而没有群体的效应.其中唯一的特例是粘细菌(ｍｙｘｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ),在营养缺乏的条件下,通过释放ｃＡｍｐ等信号分子,促使营养细胞聚集,形成子实体和粘孢子[1].直至70年代,Ｈａｓｔｉｎｇ等通过对海洋发光细菌Ｖｉｂｒｉｏｆｉｓｃｈｅｒｉ和Ｖｉｂｒｉｏｈａｒｖｅｙｉ的发光机制的研究,发现发光细菌本身能产生一类小分子物…     

Influence of the zebra mussel and fish fry on structural and functional characteristics of microorganisms in experimental ecosystems

The interactions of zebra mussels, invertebrates, fish, and microorganisms were studied experimentally. Trends in the distribution of total bacterial biomass, the abundance of heterotrophic organisms, and their functional activities in water and grounds were analyzed. The most favorable conditions for development of bacteria developed in June, in the presence of fish and without zebra mussels. In experimental ecosystems with zebra mussels, a decrease in the abundance and activity of microorganisms and a change of dominant yeast forms were observed.     

16S rDNA克隆文库解析AO-MBR系统中细菌种群多样性

采用分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法对缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器(AO-MBR)的好氧池与缺氧池中细菌进行了多样性研究.实验结果表明,好氧池污泥样品的克隆文库包括9个类群,其中变形菌(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)在文库中所占比例最大,分别为37.04％和14.81％;其次是酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)、未培养菌(uncultured bacterium)、绿菌(Chlorobi)和未培养的绿弯菌(uncultured Chloroflexi bacterium)、浮霉状菌(Planctomycetes),分别为11.11％、11.11％、7.41％、7.41％和5.56％;硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospirae)和裸藻门(Euglenozoa)所占比例相对较小,均为1.85％.缺氧池样品克隆文库包括10个类群,其中变形菌(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)和未培养菌(uncultured bacterium)在文库中所占比例最大,分别为27.91％、13.95％和12.79％;其次是浮霉状菌(Planctomycetes)、酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)和绿弯菌(Chloroflexi),在文库中所占比例分别为9.3％、9.3％和9.3％;硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospirae)、裸藻门(Euglenozoa)、芽单胞菌(Gemmatimonadetes)和放线菌(Actinobacteria)所占比例相对较少,分别为6.98％、8.14％、1.16％和1.16％.两池细菌的主要类群相似,但菌属及比例有所差异,变形菌是系统中的主要脱氮菌属.     

应用T-RFLP技术研究五氯酚对好氧颗粒污泥中细菌组成的影响

研究了五氯酚(PCP)对好氧颗粒污泥处理生活污水的影响,借助末端限制性酶切片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术考察了PCP存在时好氧颗粒污泥细菌组成的变化.结果表明,PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,好氧颗粒污泥中微生物的种群数量随着PCP浓度的增加而逐渐减少,氨氮和COD去除率的变化与微生物种群数量变化相吻合.根据对PCP的敏感程度,好氧颗粒污泥中的微生物可分以下几类:①对PCP高度敏感的微生物,可能是Microbacterium或Streptococcus等以及2种未被报道的菌种;②对PCP中度敏感的微生物,可能是Corynebacterium或Nevskia等以及1种未被报道的菌种;③对PCP低度敏感的微生物,可能是Mycoplasma或Exiguobacterium等以及1种未被报道的菌种;④对PCP耐受性强的微生物,这类微生物主要是13个末端限制性片段(69、71、82、175、198、241、229、232、233、240、245、269、449bp)所代表的微生物,PCP浓度为30mg/L时,长度为82bp和175bp的片段的相对面积分别22.7%和13%,所代表的微生物已经演替为优势菌群.     

贵州喀斯特山区不同种植年限花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构特征研究

以贵州花江峡谷花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeamun)林为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析种植5、10、20、30 a花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性特征,探讨不同种植年限花椒土壤理化因子对根际细菌群落分布的影响,为喀斯特石漠化地区花椒农业可持续发展提供有效的理论依据.结果表明,随着花椒种植...     

Complex and nonlinear climate-driven changes in freshwater insect communities over 42 years

The ongoing biodiversity crisis becomes evident in the widely observed decline in abundance and diversity of species, profound changes in community structure, and shifts in species’ phenology. Insects are among the most affected groups, with documented decreases in abundance up to 76% in the last 25–30 years in some terrestrial ecosystems. Identifying the underlying drivers is a major obstacle as most ecosystems are affected by multiple stressors simultaneously and in situ measurements of environmental variables are often missing. In our study, we investigated a headwater stream belonging to the most common stream type in Germany located in a nature reserve with no major anthropogenic impacts except climate change. We used the most comprehensive quantitative long-term data set on aquatic insects available, which includes weekly measurements of species-level insect abundance, daily water temperature and stream discharge as well as measurements of additional physicochemical variables for a 42-year period (1969–2010). Overall, water temperature increased by 1.88 °C and discharge patterns changed significantly. These changes were accompanied by an 81.6% decline in insect abundance, but an increase in richness (+8.5%), Shannon diversity (+22.7%), evenness (+22.4%), and interannual turnover (+34%). Moreover, the community's trophic structure and phenology changed: the duration of emergence increased by 15.2 days, whereas the peak of emergence moved 13.4 days earlier. Additionally, we observed short-term fluctuations (<5 years) in almost all metrics as well as complex and nonlinear responses of the community toward climate change that would have been missed by simply using snapshot data or shorter time series. Our results indicate that climate change has already altered biotic communities severely even in protected areas, where no other interacting stressors (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.) are present. This is a striking example of the scientific value of comprehensive long-term data in capturing the complex responses of communities toward climate change.     

A new approach to Assess Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition by Way of Standardized Exposition of mosses

A standardized method of moss exposition for assessing variations in nitrogen deposition was tested in the western part of Germany. Six pleurocarpous moss species were transplanted to two sites differing in their deposition rates but being comparable as to their climatic conditions. The mosses were exposed in standardized containers over a period of 12 months; the focus of interest was the effect of N deposition on nitrogen content and on ¹⁵N natural abundance (δ¹⁵N-values). Within the first nine months only trends could be observed. However, after one year all species tested showed significantly higher N concentrations at the highly polluted site. Besides, more negative δ¹⁵N-values possibly reflecting the higher ammonium input were detected at this site. Surprisingly, most of the plants though being kept in plastic containers without a favourable substratum did not show any conspicuous deficiency symptoms. The potential advantages of a standardized moss exposition for N monitoring purposes are discussed. It is concluded that the method presented here can yield significant results in particular if the number of testing sites is increased.     

厌氧颗粒污泥藻酸盐对铜离子的吸附研究

从厌氧颗粒污泥中成功提取出细菌藻酸盐并制备成藻酸钙吸附剂,研究其对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附性能。实验结果表明,接触时间、Cu~(2+)初始浓度和溶液初始pH是影响Cu~(2+)吸附性能的重要因素。吸附等温线研究表明,Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述吸附过程。Cu~(2+)在藻酸钙上的吸附动力学过程可以很好地用Pseudo二级动力学方程来描述。以100 mmol/L HCI为解吸剂,可有效洗脱藻酸钙上95%的Cu~(2+),实现Cu~(2+)的回收。