静态磁场对生物滴滤池强化的研究——以三氯乙烯废气的去除及细菌群落结构研究为例

构建了实验室规模磁场强化的生物滴滤池（MF-BTF）,并设对照生物滴滤池（S-BTF）,以火山石为载体,接种活性污泥,处理目标废气三氯乙烯（TCE）.研究了不同磁场强度下,2种生物滴滤池在稳定运行期间对TCE的去除效果,并采用高通量测序技术对滴滤池中细菌群落结构与功能进行了分析.实验结果表明：在好氧条件下,当空床停留时间（EBRT）为202.5s,苯酚浓度为0.20g/L,TCE浓度范围为53.6~337.1mg/m³时,对TCE的去除效果依次为MF-BTF（60.0mT） > MF-BTF（30.0mT） > S-BTF（0.0mT） > MF-BTF（130.0mT）,其去除率（RE）和最大去除容量（EC）分别为92.2%~45.5%,2656.8mg/（m³×h）;89.8%~37.2%,2169.1mg/（m³×h）;89.8%~29.8%,1967.7mg/（m³×h）;76.0%~20.8%,1697.1mg/（m³×h）.高通量测序结果表明：磁场强度为60.0mT时,细菌群落均匀度（Shannon index,Simpson index）及丰富度（OTUs,Chao1,ACE）均小于0.0mT的情况;但是60.0mT下优势门、纲、属为Proteobacteria,Gammaproteobacteria,Acinetobacter,丰度明显大于0.0mT,丰度分别为73.3%,36.8%,34.7%;69.6%,18.2%,10.9%.实验结果表明合适的磁场强度可以增大优势菌群的丰度,提高对TCE的去除效果.本实验为提高生物滴滤池的工业废气处理效果提供了有效的借鉴,具有广泛的应用前景.     

常州市春季PM2.5中细菌群落特征及影响因素

为研究常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌群落特征,利用高通量测序对PM_2.5中细菌的16S rRNA基因进行研究.测序获得的有效序列数为600150,以97%的相似水平划分,各样品的OTUs为1890~6519,同时样本的Coverage指数较高,表明测序结果可以准确地代表样本中的空气细菌群落.物种注释结果表明：常州春季PM_2.5中相对丰度> 1%的有11个细菌门、14个细菌纲和12个细菌属,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝藻细菌门（Cyanobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）是排名前3的优势细菌类群,占总基因丰度的80.88%.属水平优势细菌主要有拟甲色球藻属（Chroococcidiopsis,6.03%）、Rubellimicrobium（5.95%）、微囊藻属（Microcystis,4.86%）和鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas,3.16%）,但在属水平上未能进行分类的基因序列比例高达81.11%.基于PM_2.5中细菌群落组成进行来源分析,发现常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌的环境来源多变,其主要环境源可能为淡水,其次是土壤、植物和人为源.利用冗余分析探讨环境因子与细菌群落的关系,结果表明,NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、O₃、SO₄^2-、OC、气压和CO是常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌群落的主要影响因子,同时不同环境因子对不同细菌类群影响不同.     

The prevalence of bacterial resistance in clinical, food, water and some environmental samples in Southwest Nigeria

The resistance pattern and mechanisms of bacterial isolates obtained from clinical origin, soil, industrial effluent, orange juice products and drinking water were studied using commonly used antibiotics. The microbial load of the water samples, industrial effluent and orange juice products were 1.0 × 10¹–2.25 × 10⁶, 2.15 × 10⁵, and 3.5 × 10⁴–2.15 × 10⁵ cfu mL^–1, respectively. The faecal coliform test revealed that only two out of twenty orange juice products had MPN of 2 and 20, the MPN of water ranged from 1–1800, while the effluent had MPN of 1800. The bacterial isolates that were isolated include E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, S. marcescens, S. pyogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Micrococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp. Also, clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa were used in the study. Among the eight antibiotics tested for resistance on five strains of each bacterium, seven different resistance patterns were observed among the bacterial isolates obtained from water, effluent and orange juice products. Among the clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa, four multiple-drug resistance patterns were obtained. Thirty strains of E. coli and S. aureus were tested for -lactamase production and fourteen strains, seven each of E. coli and S. aureus that had high Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values (MIC) for both Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin were positive.     

固体XM菌剂对生活垃圾减容和除臭的研究

在密闭的容器中考察不同条件下固体XM菌剂对生活垃圾的减容和除臭效果.结果表明,固体XM菌剂不但可防止新鲜生活垃圾变臭,而且对已产生的生活垃圾臭味具有明显的消除效果.固体XM菌剂可使新鲜的生活垃圾在降解过程中仅产生少量臭味,到15 d时基本消失并产生酯香气味,减容量可达46%.用质量分数为3%的固体XM菌剂处理已发臭的生活垃圾,15 d时氨气和硫化氢的释放量分别减少54.8%和49.0%.此外,保持较高的温度以及50%～60%的垃圾含水量,除臭效果最佳.从垃圾降解过程中渗滤液的产生量、澄清度、酸碱度和气味的变化分析得出,固体XM菌剂已成为垃圾发酵过程中的主导菌群,这可能是生活垃圾除臭的根本原因.     

Are There Ecological Foundations for Ecosystem Health?

We present a critical introduction to the problems shared by ecologists and ecosystem health researchers who attempt to integrate applied ecology with other disciplines. The importance of the concept of ecosystem health as an approach to environmental problems is presented, and the difficulties in integrating ecology into the concept are outlined. A rigorous ecological and evolutionary basis for ecosystem health is introduced through diversity abundance models and especially by the outcome of competitive exclusion, niche hierarchy, and log normality. The importance of defining functional groups for assessing the effects of disturbance (e.g., on pollinators, macrolepidoptera, diatoms, gut bacteria) and in the broader context of ecosystem health (e.g., through pollinating bees) is stressed.     

A LONG‐TERM,WATERSHED‐SCALE,EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ANIMAL WASTE BMPs ON INDICATOR BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Driven by increasing concerns about bacterial pollution from agricultural sources, states such as Virginia have initiated cost sharing programs that encourage the use of animal waste best management practices (BMPs) to control this pollution. Although a few studies have shown that waste management BMPs are effective at the field scale, their effectiveness at the watershed scale and over the long term is unknown. The focus of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs in reducing bacterial pollution at the watershed scale and over the long term. To accomplish this goal, a 1,163 ha watershed located in the Piedmont region of Virginia was monitored over a ten‐year period. Fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) were measured as indicators of bacterial pollution. A pre‐BMP versus post‐BMP design was adopted. Major BMPs implemented were manure storage facilities, stream fencing, water troughs, and nutrient management. Seasonal Kendall trend analysis revealed a significant decreasing trend during the post‐BMP period for FC concentrations at the watershed outlet, but not at the subwatershed level. Implementation of BMPs also resulted in a significant reduction in the geometric mean of FS concentrations. FC concentrations in streamflow at the watershed outlet exceeded the Virginia primary standard 86 and 74 percent of the time during pre‐BMP and post‐BMP periods, respectively. Corresponding exceedances for the secondary standard were 50 and 41 percent. Violations decreased only slightly during the post‐BMP period. The findings of this study suggest that although BMP implementation can be expected to accomplish some improvement in water quality, BMP implementation alone may not ensure compliance with current water quality standards.     

金矿化系列丰度模型与区域资源评价

根据矿化系列的理论，研究成矿区的动力地质条件，定义一个金矿化系列的典型样品，求出矿化密度．建立金矿化丰度模型，讨论金矿资源定量评价方法，并给出一个区域金矿资源预测的应用实例。     

变废为宝,向治理系统要经济效益的应用实例

用生产废水治理工程中吸附了废醪液的灰渣辅加滤泥(亚法)经预处理后掺加FM氮磷钾复合茵群做固态茵肥,用循环用于水膜除尘的近50°BX的浓废醪液掺加FM氮磷钾复合茵群做液态茵肥,使污染环境有肥效的废醪液全部资源化使用,彻底消除了二次污染。     

Multivariate bootstrap confidence regions for abundance vector using

Abundance vector estimation is a well investigated problem in statistical ecology. The use of simple random sampling with replacement or replicated sampling ensures good asymptotic properties of the abundance vector estimators. However, real surveys are based on small sample sizes, and assuming any specific distribution of the abundance vector estimator may be hazardous.In this paper we focus our attention on situations where the population is not too large and the sample size is small. We propose bootstrap multivariate confidence regions based on data depth. Data depth is a geometrical concept of ordering data from the center outwardly in higher dimensions. The Simplicial depth, the Tukey's depth and the Mahalanobis depth are presented. In order to build confidence regions in the presence of a skewed distribution of the abundance vector estimator, the use of Tukey's depth is suggested. The proposed method has been applied to the benthic community of Lake Lesina. A comparison with Mahalanobis depth and standard existing methods is reported.     

活性污泥好氧异养菌群平板分离培养方法的改进

自然温度(12~21℃)、贫营养、活性污泥提取物等目前提高菌群可培养性的方法用于培养活性污泥好氧异养菌群的结果显示,这些方法均能显著提高平板培养基的分离培养能力.含活性污泥提取物的贫营养培养基ASEⅡ培养细菌的数量可占细菌总数的23.2%,在所有培养基中最高,而营养最丰富的培养基MRS培养细菌的数量只占细菌总数的8.82%,在所有培养基中最低.图1表4参14