南岳森林群落生物多样性研究(Ⅵ)上封寺森林群落植物物种相对多度分布格局

本文应用几何级数分布、分割线段、对数级数分布和对数正态分布等4种模型研究了南岳上封寺森林群落植物物种相对多度的分布格局。结果表明,几何级数分布模型适宜拟合乔木层和草本层,而不适宜于灌木层;分割线段模型适宜于乔木层,其中,多度一频度模型还适于草本层;对数级数分布模型完全适宜于拟合任何层次;对数正态分布模型仅适宜于拟合乔木层。此外,α-指数值介于季雨林-稀树草原之间。     

臭氧催化氧化-BAF深度处理抗生素废水效能及微生物群落结构分析

采用臭氧催化氧化-曝气生物滤池（BAF）组合工艺对抗生素废水二级生化处理出水进行深度处理，考察了组合工艺对废水污染物的去除效果，通过三维荧光光谱结合平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）分析了废水中有机物的荧光变化特征，并利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对BAF中微生物菌群结构的变化进行研究.结果表明，在最佳运行条件下，抗生素废水COD平均值由232 mg·L^-1降至46 mg·L^-1，NH₄⁺-N平均浓度由12 mg·L^-1降至4.1 mg·L^-1，出水水质可稳定达到《发酵类制药工业水污染物排放标准》（GB21903-2008）.EEMs-PARAFAC从废水中解析出3类荧光组分，主要可归为腐殖酸（胡敏酸）、富里酸及其混合物，经组合工艺处理后荧光强度大幅下降甚至消失.Illumina MiSeq测序显示，污泥经抗生素废水驯化后微生物丰富度和均匀度明显降低，Proteobacteria（变形杆菌门）、Chloroflexi（绿屈挠菌门）和Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）是优势菌门，其中，Thiothrix（发硫菌属）、Thermomonas、Pseudoxanthomonas（假黄单胞菌属）和JG30_KF_CM45是降解抗生素类污染物的主要菌属.     

Detecting Rare Species with Random or Subjective Sampling: a Case Study of Red-Listed Saproxylic Beetles in Boreal Sweden

Abstract:  Efficient sampling design in field studies is important for economical and statistical reasons. We compared two ways to distribute sampling effort over an area, either randomly or subjectively. We searched for red-listed saproxylic (wood-living) beetles in 30 spruce stands in boreal Sweden by sifting wood from dead trees. We randomly selected positions within each stand with a geographic positioning system and sampled the nearest dead tree (random sample). In the same stand we also sampled dead trees that, based on literature, were likely to host such species (subjective sampling). The subjective sampling (two to five samples per stand, depending on stand size) was compared with the higher, random sampling effort (fixed level of 12 samples/stand). Subjective sampling was significantly more efficient. Red-listed species were found in 36% of the subjective samples and in 16% of the random samples. Nevertheless, the larger random effort resulted in a comparable number of red-listed species per stand and in 13 detected species in total (vs. 12 species with subjective sampling). Random sampling was less efficient, but provided an unbiased alternative more suitable for statistical purposes, as needed in, for example, monitoring programs. Moreover, new species-specific knowledge can be gained through random searches.     

基因工程菌强化芳香化合物的处理工艺

分别固定克隆有甲苯加双氧酶基因的工程菌和筛选出的野生菌株,串联两种固定化细胞反应器,研究以基因工程菌突破关键步骤的限制,筛选菌株辅助完成彻底降解芳香类污染物复合工艺可行性和强化效果.克隆有苯降解过程中的关键基因——甲苯加双氧酶的基因工程菌E. coli. JM109(pKST11)对苯具有较高的降解效率和降解速度,应用于固定化细胞反应器中效果突出.在较短的水力停留时间内,可以将1500mg/L苯降解70%,降解速度为1.11mg/(Ls),延长水力停留时间,可以使去除率达到95%以上.该反应器对高浓度的苯具有突出的处理效果.同时所得到的产物为环己二烯双醇,可以被野生非高效菌W3快速利用.     

典型生活垃圾填埋场覆盖土微生物群落分析

采用第二代高通量测序技术Illumina MiSeq对典型生活垃圾填埋场覆盖土样(山东莱芜,SD;广东深圳,GD;上海老港,SH;重庆长生桥,CQ)进行16S rDNA V3~V4区高通量测序,并分析了Alpha多样性、物种组成和丰度、菌群结构及环境因子对群落结构的影响.结果表明:取自垃圾填埋场GD土样的物种种类多于其他土样,GD、SD、SH、CQ土样的Shannon指数分别为5.52±0.026、4.76±0.030、4.89±0.037、3.43±0.027;所有覆盖土样的优势菌为Alphaproteobacteria(α-变形杆菌纲)和Betaproteobacteria(β-变形杆菌纲),所占比例范围分别为12.67%~25.54%,14.35%~18.88%;SD、GD和SH三种覆盖土样的优势菌为Sphingomonas(鞘氨醇单胞菌属),分别占7.25%、10.67%、11.30%; Deltaproteobacteria(德耳塔变形杆菌纲)和Gammaproteobacteria(γ-变形菌杆纲)的相对丰度分别与TN(r=1.00,P<0.001)和TP(r=1.00,P<0.001)呈正相关关系,且结合RDA图,TN、TP和OM含量可能是SD土样区别于其他土样群落组成的主要因素.     

餐厨垃圾废水制备液态解磷菌剂研究

本研究探讨了餐厨垃圾废水用作发酵基质生产液态解磷巨大芽孢杆菌菌肥的可行性.结果表明,餐厨垃圾废水培养的巨大芽孢杆菌经过3~4d的调整期即进入对数生长期,第6~7d活菌数达到最大,而经过湿热预处理得到的II类废水较I类废水更适宜用作巨大芽孢杆菌的培养基质,其菌液活菌数是I类废水培养的活菌数的5倍（4.8×10¹⁵CFU/mL）.废水中的盐分对巨大芽孢杆菌的生长代谢影响显著：活菌数随着NaCl含量的增加先升高后快速降低,最利于菌种培养的NaCl浓度为10g/L.pH值和温度极显著影响巨大芽孢杆菌的生长,而摇床转速和接种量对菌株培养影响不显著,正交试验确定的较优培养条件为pH=8、T=35℃、转速80r/min、接种量2%（V/V）.餐厨垃圾废水制备的解磷菌肥可实现土壤中固化磷的有效磷化：施用0.025‰~2.5‰质量比例解磷菌剂的土壤生长的黄豆苗干重可达到按照5‰质量比例施加无机复合肥生长的黄豆苗的70.7%~84.5%,其中微生物菌肥的最佳施用量为0.25‰.     

Efficient species-level monitoring at the landscape scale

Monitoring the population trends of multiple animal species at a landscape scale is prohibitively expensive. However, advances in survey design, statistical methods, and the ability to estimate species presence on the basis of detection-nondetection data have greatly increased the feasibility of species-level monitoring. For example, recent advances in monitoring make use of detection-nondetection data that are relatively inexpensive to acquire, historical survey data, and new techniques in genetic evaluation. The ability to use indirect measures of presence for some species greatly increases monitoring efficiency and reduces survey costs. After adjusting for false absences, the proportion of sample units in a landscape where a species is detected (occupancy) is a logical state variable to monitor. Occupancy monitoring can be based on real-time observation of a species at a survey site or on evidence that the species was at the survey location sometime in the recent past. Temporal and spatial patterns in occupancy data are related to changes in animal abundance and provide insights into the probability of a species' persistence. However, even with the efficiencies gained when occupancy is the monitored state variable, the task of species-level monitoring remains daunting due to the large number of species. We propose that a small number of species be monitored on the basis of specific management objectives, their functional role in an ecosystem, their sensitivity to environmental changes likely to occur in the area, or their conservation importance.     

施肥对农田土壤抗生素抗性基因影响的整合分析

探讨施肥措施对农田土壤中抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的影响,为了解和掌握农田土壤中ARGs的来源与积累特征,制定保障生态环境安全和人类健康的管理策略提供科学依据.通过收集近20年(2000～2020年)来已发表的文献,获得独立实验条件下农田土壤ARGs数量和相对丰度匹配数据215组和201组.结果表明,与不施肥相比,配施...     

Habitat Fragmentation and Species Loss across Three Interacting Trophic Levels: Effects of Life-History and Food-Web Traits

Abstract:  Not all species are likely to be equally affected by habitat fragmentation; thus, we evaluated the effects of size of forest remnants on trophically linked communities of plants, leaf-mining insects, and their parasitoids. We explored the possibility of differential vulnerability to habitat area reduction in relation to species-specific and food-web traits by comparing species–area regression slopes. Moreover, we searched for a synergistic effect of these traits and of trophic level . We collected mined leaves and recorded plant, leaf miner, and parasitoid species interactions in five 100-m² transects in 19 Chaco Serrano woodland remnants in central Argentina. Species were classified into extreme categories according to body size, natural abundance, trophic breadth, and trophic level . Species–area slopes differed between groups with extreme values of natural abundance or trophic specialization. Nevertheless, synergistic effects of life-history and food-web traits were only found for trophic level and trophic breadth: area-related species loss was highest for specialist parasitoids. It has been suggested that species position within interaction webs could determine their vulnerability to extinction. Our results provide evidence that food-web parameters, such as trophic level and trophic breadth, affect species sensitivity to habitat fragmentation .     

纳米金、银对氨氧化细菌及其氨氧化作用的影响

为明晰纳米金、银对环境中氨氧化细菌(AOB)的氨氧化作用影响机制,本文通过对驯化培养河口湿地表层沉积物所得到的氨氧化细菌(AOB)富集培养物进行纳米材料不同浓度的处理试验,测定氨氮、亚硝氮浓度和氨氧化速率的变化特征,并利用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术和qPCR方法分析不同试验中AOB的多样性与丰度信息,确定纳米金、银对氨氧化速率、氨氧化细菌多样性与丰度的影响规律.结果表明,纳米银对环境中氨氮的转化具有浓度抑制效应,随着浓度增加,氨氧化平均速率越低,氨氮转化越少.纳米银处理之间的氨氧化平均速率同氨氧化细菌(AOB)的香农与辛普森多样性指数、amoA基因丰度存在显著正相关关系.因而纳米银对环境中氨氧化作用的抑制效应主要通过其杀菌能力影响了氨氧化菌的多样性和丰度而起作用.纳米金氨氧化平均速率则和AOB的多样性指数以及amoA基因丰度均无显著相关.纳米金对氨氧化细菌、氨氧化速率却不呈现浓度抑制效应,甚至出现略微促进氨氧化作用的趋势.DNA测序结果发现实验的氨氧化细菌都属于b-Proteobacteria,同Nitrosospira、Nitrosomonas亲源性较近.环境中的氨氧化微生物种类复杂,环境条件多变.不同纳米材料是如何影响氨氧化微生物进而影响氨氧化作用,仍需进行深入研究.