利用高效复合菌净化城市微污染水的静态试验研究

EM经三种培养基富集培养后，用其培养液对微污染水进行净化处理。结果表明：三种培养液在曝气或静置的运行条件下，对微污染水中的COD和氨氮有稳定良好的去除效果，其去除率分别为50％和85％；对磷酸盐的去除随运行条件的不同而不同，曝气条件下比静置条件要好，其去除率也都在60％以上。试验证明：EM培养液对微污染水有良好的净化能力。     

FECAL COLIFORM CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF FROM A GRAZED,RECLAIMED SURFACE MINE1

The relatively scarcity of flat or moderately sloping land in Central Appalachia make reclaimed surface mined lands attractive for agricultural uses. A reclaimed surface coal mine in southern West Virginia was placed under grazing management during the 1984 and 1985 growing seasons. Discharge was collected from summer-grazed watersheds of about 2.8 ha and 8.9 ha and analyzed, by the membrane-filtration method, for fecal coliforms (FC). Prior to grazing, in 1984, FC counts were < 20/100 ml. During the grazing season, FC ranged from <0/100 ml to> 1000/100 ml in 1984 and from 0/100 ml to > 2500/100 ml in 1985. FC counts remained high during warm periods for several months after grazing ceased. It was concluded that the bacteriological quality of receiving streams was impacted by grazing the reclaimed area and recommended standards for point sources were often exceeded; however, the FC counts did not appear to be any greater than what would have been expected from grazed, undisturbed areas. Reclaimed surface mine areas in Appalachia have the potential to be a valuable “flat land” resource and grazing appears to be an alternative post mine land use that affects bacteriological water quality in a similar manner as “natural” pastures. However, good management practices may be necessary to avoid bacterial contamination of adjacent bodies of water.     

微生物学检验中菌落总数测量结果不确定度的评定研究

文章主要分析了微生物学检验中菌落总数测量不确定度的数学模型、测量不确定度的来源分析、测量不确定度的计算以及相应的表示方法.微生物学检验中菌落总数的测定,其特点是同一样品测定结果相差极大,由随机效应带来的测量重复性所导致的不确定度占了主要部分.通常的做法是对同一样品作多次测量,取对数后进行计算.     

矿区不同植被复垦模式对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

以安太堡露天煤矿复垦区为研究对象,用PCR-DGGE技术分析不同复垦植被(榆树、落叶松、杏树、云杉和刺槐)及复垦年限(15年和20年)对土壤细菌的影响.土壤细菌多样性分析结果表明:复垦20年组,榆树最高,杏树最低,其余3个植被无显著差异;复垦15年组,云杉显著高于刺槐;刺槐随复垦年限延长,其土壤细菌多样性显著增高,而云杉却反之.相似性系数分析、聚类分析和PCA均显示,相同复垦年限的土样细菌群落结构相似性高.相关性分析表明细菌多样性指数和土壤pH显著正相关.优势和差异条带测序鉴定出Nitrospira、Sphingomonas、Arthrobacter、Brachybacterium、Rhizobium以及Mesorhizobium等或参与氮循环、或降解多环芳烃及杂环有机物的细菌属.本研究说明榆树和云杉有利于土壤细菌多样性的恢复;复垦区土壤的优势菌群多为有利于污染土壤的生态修复和肥力恢复的功能细菌属.     

生物炭添加对秸秆还田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性影响

为探讨生物炭对秸秆还田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术结合克隆测序技术,对未添加(SW)和添加(SBW)生物炭秸秆还田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性进行表征.DGGE谱图和多样性分析结果表明,生物炭添加增加了秸秆还田土壤细菌DGGE图谱条带位置和灰度值及均匀度的变化,但两个处理土壤细菌群落Shannon-Wiener指数和丰富度没有显著差异(p0.05).聚类分析结果表明,SBW处理土壤细菌群落聚为5类,SW处理土壤细菌群落可聚为6类.DGGE条带测序和结构分析结果表明,生物炭添加导致秸秆还田土壤中Actinobacteria、Nitrospira消失和Spirochaetes、Gemmatimonadetes、Chloroflexi、WS3出现,并导致Firmicutes、Proteobacteria所占比例升高和Acidobacteria、Bacteroides所占比例降低,说明生物炭添加促进了秸秆还田土壤细菌群落组成结构变化.     

配水管网细菌活性影响因素

为研究配水管网水中细菌活性的变化规律,以北方某市试验室模拟配水管网为对象,应用荧光显微镜对经吖啶橙染色的细菌进行直接镜检并计数,以更准确地对细菌活性进行定量分析.以活菌数占细菌总数的比值来表征整体细菌活性,并研究多种因素对配水管网水中细菌活性的影响.结果表明,吖啶橙染色荧光显微镜直接镜检应用于管网水中细菌计数能够快速得到较稳定的结果,计数结果重现性好.试验水样中的活菌数10~3~10~4cells·m L~(-1),细菌总数10~4~10~5cells·m L~(-1).管网水中整体细菌活性与水温、浊度和流速都存在正相关关系;与运行稳定后的水中余氯存在负相关关系.模拟配水管网水中常见形态的细菌对次氯酸钠消毒剂的耐受能力依次为:短杆形菌球形菌长杆形菌弧形菌,并且杆形菌恢复活性和再繁殖的能力较强.夏季水样中短杆形菌多于冬季.     

焦化废水活性污泥细菌菌群结构分析

焦化废水是一种高毒难降解的有机废水,以细菌菌群为主的好氧活性污泥决定焦化废水的处理效率,处理焦化废水的活性污泥细菌群落结构鲜见报道.利用454测序技术分析实际焦化废水污泥中的细菌菌群结构和多样性.结果表明,热图聚类分析和主成分分析说明不同焦化废水活性污泥细菌菌群多样性存在差异;焦化废水活性污泥中的细菌门类群主要为Proteobacteria、Planctomycetes、Acidobacteria、Candidatus Saccharibacteria、Bacteroidetes、Cyanobacteria、Actinobacteria、Chloroflexi、Firmicutes、Thaumarchaeota、Ignavibacteriae和Verrucomicrobia,其中Proteobacteria门占主导地位,丰度为36.00%~76.98%;主要属为Thiobacillus、Thauera、Comamonas、Caldimonas、Steroidobacter、Nitrosomonas、Phycisphaera和Gp4,大多数主要属与芳香烃的降解和硝化反硝化过程有关.这些结果为焦化废水污染物的去除机制提供了理论基础.     

祁连山七一冰川及融水中细菌多样性的研究

通过荧光显微镜测定细菌密度,利用分离培养和16S rDNA序列分析细菌种类多样性,对祁连山七一冰川雪及融水中的细菌数量和多样性进行了研究.结果表明,七一冰川雪及融水中微生物总数为103~105cells.mL-1,可培养细菌数为0~600cfu.mL-1.恢复出的22株不同种类的细菌隶属于Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和a,β,γ-Proteobacteria共6个类群,其中Bacteroidetes占总类群的80%,为优势类群;Pedobacter和Pseudomonas属为优势菌,占可培养细菌数量的90%.与青藏高原、南北极冰雪中微生物的比较分析发现Pantoea、Providencia、Terrabacter及Aerococcus这4个属和Oxalobacteraceae细菌是七一冰川的地方种类,在其它低温环境中未被发现.     

河北近岸海域浮游细菌与病毒的关系

运用荧光显微技术,从2006年7月~2007年10月,分季度采样,对河北北戴河和天津沿岸海域的浮游细菌和病毒进行了调查。结果表明,浮游细菌和病毒具有明显的时空分布特点,细菌丰度超过106/mL,病毒丰度超过107/mL。病毒总数与细菌总数之比VBR为1.75~26.51,平均为6.22。运用超离心和电子显微镜对2007年春季样品进行检测,发现被病毒感染的细菌总频度为3%~5%,引起的细菌死亡率为28%~55%,平均为41.5%。揭示浮游病毒感染是浮游细菌死亡的重要原因,同时病毒在海洋系统物质循环和能量流动中扮演重要角色。     

Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, HhaI and MspI, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from HhaI and MspI both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With HhaI as the sample, the pair wise T-tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with R ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites (R ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).