NirS-type denitrifying bacteria in aerobic water layers of two drinking water reservoirs: Insights into the abundance, community diversity and co-existence model

The nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community is the main drivers of the nitrogen loss process in drinking water reservoir ecosystems.The temporal patterns in nirS gene abundance and nirS-type denitrifying bacterial community harbored in aerobic water layers of drinking water reservoirs have not been studied well.In this study,quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Illumina Miseq sequencing were employed to explore the nirS gene abundance and denitrifying bacterial community structur...     

不同再生水灌溉方式对土壤-辣椒系统中细菌群落多样性及病原菌丰度的影响

再生水是改善水资源布局和缓解传统水源短缺问题的一种合理且可持续的替代水源,但用于灌溉会引起土壤和作物中微生物群落结构和条件致病菌丰度变化,目前这方面的研究报道较少.本研究以辣椒为对象,设置再生水灌溉(DI)、清水和再生水混灌(MI,清水∶再生水=1∶1)、清水和再生水轮灌(RI)处理,以清水灌溉(PI)为对照,通过温室盆栽试验研究不同灌溉方式对土壤性质的影响,并基于高通量测序技术结合定量PCR方法探讨再生水灌溉下辣椒果实与根际细菌群落组成和病原菌分布丰度特征.结果表明,与清水灌溉相比,再生水直接灌溉增加了土壤EC值,而降低了pH值.16S r DNA高通量测序结果显示,在门分类水平上,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes是辣椒果实和根际共有的主要类群,其优势菌属Pantoea、Pseudomonas、Sphingomonas、Sphingopyxis、Luteimonas和Mariniflexile的相对丰度受再生水灌溉方式的影响较大.再生水灌溉分别使辣椒果实和根际中Legionella spp.和Pseudomonas syringae丰度显著增加,并且对病原菌丰度的影响差异较大.综上所述,再生水适宜作为农业灌溉用水,但不同灌溉方式可能不同程度上引入微生物污染问题,其中特定条件致病菌和植物病原菌值得关注.     

宁武亚高山湖泊细菌群落的时空格局及驱动机制

受人类活动和气候变化的影响,亚高山湖泊生态系统日趋退化,导致微生物群落生物多样性和结构改变.本研究以宁武亚高山湖泊公海(GH)水体细菌群落为研究对象,通过Q-PCR和DGGE技术分析了不同季节和不同深度的水体中细菌群落多样性分布格局,探究细菌群落的时空动态及其多样性维持机制.结果表明,温度(T)、酸碱度(p H)、溶解氧(DO)、电导率(EC)、盐度(SAL)和铵态氮(NH4+)在每个月的不同采样深度间均有显著差异.细菌群落丰度具有明显的时空动态,其中8月的丰度最高,11月最低;在水体中层(2、4和6 m)的丰度较高,表层和底层(0 m和8 m)相对较低.细菌群落α多样性指数在各月份和不同深度间均有显著性差异,从4～12月整体上呈现先减少后增加的趋势.相似性分析(PERMANOVA)结果表明,不同深度之间细菌群落的空间分布格局明显不同(P 0. 001).冗余分析(RDA)和方差分解(VPA)结果表明在不同深度下,细菌群落多样性格局是环境选择和扩散限制共同作用的结果,但是环境选择的相对作用更强,其中水体无机氮(NO3-、NO2-和NH4+)浓度是主要的影响因子.总之,宁武亚高山湖泊公海中细菌群落多样性有明显的时空分布格局,环境选择作为主要因素驱动了细菌群落的多样性格局.     

水库水体热分层的水质及细菌群落分布特征

作为重要的城市饮用水源地,水库是人工筑坝形成的特殊类型的水体,其水质直接影响居民的饮用水安全.为揭示北京市饮用水源地密云水库的秋季分层特征和细菌群落的垂直变化,于水体稳定分层期(秋季)在水库进行采样,应用16S rDNA末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和定量PCR等方法研究了密云水库水体细菌群落的垂直分布特征,并利用聚类分析、多元统计分析揭示细菌群落与环境因子之间的响应关系.结果表明:(1)密云水库水体温跃层位于水深20～30 m处,水温范围在15～19℃,聚类分析将7个采样水层划分为好氧区(上层)和缺氧区(下层)两类,温度、DO、pH在15 m以下逐渐降低,电导率、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮及总氮在15 m后发生显著变化,水体水质表现出明显的垂直分布特征;(2)RDA分析结果显示,上下水层的溶解氧、pH、电导率、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮存在较为明显的垂向变化,是影响密云水库细菌群落垂直分布的主要环境因子;(3)总细菌的数量随水深变化的波动较为明显,其中好氧区细菌的Shannon-Wiener指数和T-RFs片段数明显高于缺氧区,说明秋季密云水库水体中细菌群落分布存在显著的分层现象.本研究探究了水体热分层对水库水质及细菌群落的影响,可为预测水质变化和水库管理提供科学依据.     

氯和紫外消毒过程中胞外抗性基因的产生特征

考察了城市污水氯和紫外消毒过程中不同物理形态的胞外抗性基因的产生行为与及微生物群落的关联特征.结果表明,氯消毒尽管使胞内抗性基因丰度下降,但使结合型胞外抗性基因丰度明显上升（0.7±0.1）log,而游离型胞外抗性基因丰度下降（0.2±0.1）log.紫外消毒也使胞内抗性基因下降,但使游离型胞外抗性基因显著上升（0.4±0.2）log,而结合型胞外抗性基因丰度下降（0.3±0.1）log.氯消毒后,结合型胞外DNA（a-eDNA）中变形菌门丰度下降而其他菌门的丰度上升,细菌多样性指数由4.2上升到4.7;而游离型胞外DNA（f-eDNA）中变形菌门上升了6.6%,多样性指数则从3.5降低到2.8.紫外消毒后,a-eDNA中变形菌门丰度下降了36.6%,多样性则上升到4.8,而f-eDNA中细菌丰度变化较小.分子生态网络分析揭示了抗性基因与细菌间广泛的寄存关系,tetA、tetX、sulI和sulII分别与17、15、15和5种菌属间存在共现性,表明抗性基因潜在宿主的变化是导致消毒后胞外抗性基因产生的关键原因.本研究表明氯和紫外消毒不能消除抗性基因风险,反而通过导致不同胞外抗性基因的大量产生,使风险的形式发生变化.     

重稀土元素钇对短程反硝化工艺的影响

研究重稀土元素钇（Y（III））对短程反硝化工艺的短期和长期影响.结果表明,1~50mg/L的Y（III）对亚硝酸盐的积累量无明显影响,60~100mg/L的Y（III）会影响硝酸盐的还原和亚硝酸盐的积累.1~10mg/L的Y（III）对细菌活性呈现促进作用,20~100mg/L的Y（III）对细菌活性呈现抑制作用.胞外吸附的Y（III）是抑制细菌活性的主要因子,线性拟合的相关性系数R²为0.957,半抑制浓度IC_50（吸附）为1.079mg/L（以湿重计）,对应水中Y（III）浓度为54.35mg/L.SEM显示,添加Y（III）会使细菌产生更多的胞外聚合物（EPS）将细菌包裹以抵抗Y（III）的毒性,EDS显示被包裹的细菌表面碳、氮元素含量大幅度降低,EPS影响了底物的传质.130d的长期实验表明,5mg/L的Y（III）会使反应器的反硝化性能逐渐消失,停止添加稀土后,反应器的亚硝酸盐积累功能也不能恢复.     

Modelling the abundance of three key plant species in New Zealand hill-pasture using a decision tree approach

Decision tree models were developed to investigate and predict the relative abundance of three key pasture plants [ryegrass (Lolium perenne), browntop (Agrostis capillaris), and white clover (Trifolium repens)] with integration of a geographical information system (GIS) in a naturalised hill-pasture in the North Island, New Zealand, and were compared with regression models with respect to model fit and predictive accuracy. The results indicated that the decision tree models had a better model fit in terms of average squared error (ASE) and a higher percentage of adequately predicted cases in model validation than the corresponding regression models. These decision tree models clearly revealed the relative importance of environmental and management variables in influencing the abundance of these three species. Hill slope was the most significant environmental factor influencing the abundance of ryegrass while soil Olsen P and annual P fertilizer input were the most significant factors influencing the abundance of browntop, and white clover, respectively. Soil Olsen P of approximately 10 μg/g, or a slope of about 10.5° was critical points where the competition between ryegrass and browntop tended to come to an equilibrium. Integrating the decision tree models with a GIS in this study not only facilitated the model development and analyses, but also provided a useful decision support tool in pasture management such as in assisting precision fertilizer placement. The insights obtained from the decision tree models also have important implications for pasture management, for example, it is important to maintain a soil Olsen P higher than 10 μg/g in order to keep the dominance of ryegrass in the hill-pasture.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, HhaI and MspI, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from HhaI and MspI both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With HhaI as the sample, the pair wise T-tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with R ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites (R ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).     

多氯代二苯并-对-二噁的微生物降解

从多氯代二苯并-对-二噁(PCDDs)污染的土壤和含氧沉积物中分离筛选出8株降解PCDDs的菌株,均能以一氯代和二氯代二为单一碳源和能源生长并使其降解,多数几乎不能降解三氯代二噁.但是,用邻二氯苯作为初级营养共代谢物,可以增强菌株对较高氯代二噁(如三氯代和四氯代二噁)的降解能力.利用所筛选菌株中的1株,经鉴定为假单胞菌EE41(Pseudomonas sp.EE41).降解试验结果表明,1,2,3-TrCDD在浓度为1.2mg/L时3周内可降解33%,2,3,7,8-TCDD在0.1 mg/L时3周内最多可降解37.8%.试验的高氯代二噁(pCDD,H6-CDD,H7-CDD和OCDD)则只被菌体强烈吸收并积累,却不能被降解.     

采用温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE)分析消毒剂对池塘型微宇宙细菌群落结构的影响

构建6个池塘型微宇宙模拟水生态系统,1个设为对照组,试验组连续投加次氯酸钠13 d,投加剂量分别为1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/L,停止投加后再观察10 d.试验期间对各微宇宙分别进行8次采样,经37 ℃培养后提取细菌总DNA,进行16S rDNA V3区扩增后,对扩增产物进行TGGE分析.对TGGE图谱中的主要条带进行回收、重新扩增、克隆、建库、测序以及序列分析.结果显示,消毒剂进入环境后会对细菌群落结构产生影响,但不同剂量消毒剂产生的影响有显著差异,存在明显的剂量-效应关系:低剂量消毒剂对细菌群落结构的影响比较小,而且是可逆的,微宇宙系统对消毒剂逐渐适应后其群落结构即可恢复;而高剂最消毒剂对细菌群落结构的破坏比较大,且不可逆转,即使消毒剂停止投加后也不能恢复.说明盲目的过量投加消毒剂会对水体微生态环境造成严重破坏.图4表1参10