Seasonal Variation in Bacterial Flora of the Wastewater and Soil in the Vicinity of Industrial Area

Environmental pollution is one of the major problems being facedtoday due to the advent of extensive industrialization. Heavy metals are the most important contaminants in wastewater that are present in abundance and are toxic. Heavy metal contentsof sewage in the industrial estate of Aligarh (U.P.) have beendetermined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysisof samples collected from six different locations revealedsignificantly high levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni. Certainbacteriological (Total bacterial count, Total coliform, Fecal coliform, and Fecal Streptococci) parameters of domestic and industrial sewage as well as soils were monitored from March1990 to January 1993. Total bacterial count, total coliform,fecal coliform and fecal streptococci were found to be lowestin all the samples of industrial wastewater compared to thosein domestic sewage and soil systems. The soil however, contained highest total culturable bacterial population. In view of the common practice of the application of sewage to agricultural land in the neighbouring area, the discharge ofindustrial wastewater without proper treatment into public sewers should be strictly prohibited.     

Surface measurements of global warming causing atmospheric constituents in Korea

The expansion of the industrial economy and the increase of population in Northeast Asian countries have caused much interestin climate monitoring related to global warming. However, new techniques and better platforms for the measurement of globalwarming and regional databases are still old-fashioned and arenot being developed sufficiently. With respect to this agenda,since 1993, at the request of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), to monitor functions of global warming, theKorea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has set up a Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Station on the western coast of Korea(Anmyun-do) and has been actively monitoring global warming overNortheast Asia. In addition, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) has been measured for a similar KMA global warmingprogram at Kosan, Cheju Island since 1990. Aerosol and radiationhave also been measured at both sites as well as in Seoul. Theobservations have been analyzed using diagnostics of climate change in Northeast Asia and also have been internationally compared. Results indicate that greenhouse gases are in good statistic agreement with the NOAA/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) long-term trends of monthly meanconcentrations and seasonal cycles. Atmospheric particulatematter has also been analyzed for particular Asian types interms of optical depth, number concentration and size distribution.     

An Italian Study on Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Wastewater, Fresh Water and Treated Water

Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts has been isolated from waters worldwide. In Italy, studies on these parasites in the environment are still limited due to absence of epidemiological evidence and difficulty of adequate methodologies of sampling and analysis. The new Drinking Water Directive 98/83/CE states that Cryptosporidium has to be determined in water intended for human consumption if Clostridium perfringens is detected. This investigation contributes to the knowledge of both Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrences in Italian aquatic environments through a two-year monitoring program. In addition, indicator bacteria and Clostridium perfringens were monitored in sewage, surface waters, drinking water, and swimming pools and possible correlations were calculated among all the selected parameters. Cysts and oocysts were detected in sewage and surface water and Giardia numbers always prevailed over Cryptosporidium. The parasites were not detected in drinking water, while a positive sample was obtained from the analysis of swimming pools. Pearsons correlation coefficients evidenced a reciprocal correlation between both the protozoa and the Enterococci counts.     

宝鸡市秋冬季大气VOCs浓度特征及其O3和SOA生成潜势

2017年10月、12月在宝鸡市城区开展了共29d的挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度在线监测,共测出102种VOCs,分别采用最大增量反应活性（MIR）系数法和气溶胶生成系数（FAC）法估算了宝鸡市各VOCs组分的臭氧生成潜势（OFPs）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAFPs）,筛选出生成O₃与SOA活性最大的VOCs成分.结果表明：宝鸡市秋季和冬季TVOC的浓度分别为（68.62±21.85）×10^-9和（42.44±16.62）×10^-9,总OFPs分别为185.49×10^-9和126.00×10^-9,总SOAFPs分别为3.26,0.65μg/m³.秋季VOCs中含量最多的2种组分为烷烃（21.83×10^-9）和芳香烃（13.37×10^-9）,分别占TVOC的31.82%和19.49%,乙烯、反-2-戊烯和甲苯是OFPs最大的3个成分,甲苯、间/对二甲苯和乙苯是SOAFPs最大的3个成分.而在冬季,烷烃（17.34×10^-9）和炔烃（8.81×10^-9）是VOCs中含量最多的2种组分,分别占TVOC的40.85%和20.75%,乙烯、丙烯、乙炔是OFPs最大的3个成分,甲苯、间/对二甲苯、乙苯是SOAFPs最大的3个成分.优先减少烯烃和芳香烃的排放是宝鸡市秋冬季抑制O₃和SOA的形成的有效途径.     

Distinct potential aerosol masses under different scenarios of transport at a suburban site of Beijing

In order to evaluate the secondary aerosol formation potential at a suburban site of Beijing,in situ perturbation experiments in a potential aerosol mass(PAM) reactor were carried out in the winter of 2014.The variations of secondary aerosol formation as a function of time,OH exposure,and the concentrations of gas phase pollutants and particles were reported in this study.Two periods with distinct secondary aerosol formation potentials,marked as Period Ⅰ and Period Ⅱ,were identified during the observation.In Period Ⅰ,the secondary aerosol formation potential was high,and correlated well to the air pollutants,i.e.,SO_2,NO_2,and CO.The maximal secondary aerosol formation was observed with an aging time equivalent to about 3 days of atmospheric oxidation.In period Ⅱ,the secondary aerosol formation potential was low,with no obvious correlation with the air pollutants.Meanwhile,the aerosol mass decreased,instead of showing a peak,with increasing aging time.Backward trajectory analysis during the two periods confirmed that the air mass in Period Ⅰwas mainly from local sources,while it was attributed mostly to long distance transport in Period Ⅱ.The air lost its reactivity during the long transport and the particles became highly aged,resulting in a low secondary aerosol formation potential.Our experimental results indicated that the in situ measurement of the secondary aerosol formation potential could provide important information for evaluating the contributions of local emission and long distance transport to the aerosol pollution.     

底泥中红霉素耐受菌群的多样性分析

为了正确评估抗生素残留的环境风险,了解长期受低浓度红霉素污染条件下,水体底泥中红霉素耐受菌群结构的变化特点,采用传统的微生物培养法和分子生物学方法对长期受低浓度红霉素污染的水体底泥中红霉素耐受菌群结构的多样性进行了分析.结果表明:采用传统的培养方法,从底泥中可分离筛选出3株对红霉素有耐受能力的菌株,根据其形态学特征及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillussp.)、土壤芽孢杆菌(Solibacillus silvestris)以及蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),其中敏感菌蜡样芽孢杆菌经低浓度红霉素诱导对红霉素表现出一定的耐药性.进一步构建底泥耐药菌群16S rDNA克隆文库发现,底泥中红霉素耐受菌群可分为三大类群,其中未获培养的细菌(Uncultured bacterium)在整个文库中比例最大,占65.06%,其次为芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和梭菌纲(Clostridia),分别占文库比例33.73%和1.20%.文库中可培养的耐药菌优势类群为芽孢杆菌纲,与传统培养方法得到的结果相一致.上述研究表明,在长期受低浓度红霉素污染的环境中,红霉素耐药菌的存在具有一定的广泛性和潜在性,将可能威胁人类健康和生态系统,应当重视其生态风险评价与管理.     

能源植物修复土壤镉污染过程中细菌群落分析

选取油脂类能源植物大豆和碳水化合物类能源植物玉米,采用高通量测序方法研究大豆、玉米修复Cd污染土壤过程中根际土壤细菌群落组成.结果表明,100 mg·kg-1Cd的添加会抑制玉米、大豆生长,其中,大豆生物量降低比玉米高.不同组织中根部Cd积累量最高,转移系数TF分别为0.56(玉米)和0.14(大豆).基于Mi Seq的群落分析表明,大豆、玉米根际土壤细菌主要包括Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)、Gemmatimonadetes(芽单胞菌门)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门)、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)等33个门.细菌群落的PCo A和UPGMA分析表明,Cd的添加和能源植物种植均能对细菌群落结构产生影响,其中,Cd的添加影响最大.Gemmatimonas、Flavisolibacter、Flexibacter、Ramlibacter、Ohtaekwangia、Flavitalea等细菌在Cd胁迫条件或大豆、玉米种植条件下相对丰度有所变化,分析其可能在大豆、玉米耐受Cd污染中起作用.     

涠洲采油废水处理系统运行效果及微生物群落分析

涠洲终端处理厂选用ABR+SBR联合工艺处理采油废水,该系统运行稳定,处理效果好。进水ρ(COD)、ρ(石油类)分别为215~731,9~52 mg/L,系统处理后出水浓度为30~87,2~8 mg/L,去除率为83%~94%,78%~92%。废水中其余指标如S2-、SS和NH3-N去除率分别为99%、94%和70%~90%。利用分子分析法对微生物群落结构研究,表明进水较出水有更高的细菌丰度,出水较进水有更高的真菌丰度。推测活性污泥中Marinobacterium、Marinobacter和Thiomicrospira是系统中采油废水主要降解细菌。此外,真菌群落分布均匀主要为子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门,兼性菌如Aspergillus、Alternaria、Fusarium、Blastobotrys及Meyerozyma在活性污泥中较为丰富,Aspergillus、Alternaria可能是潜在的降解真菌。     

成都市黑碳气溶胶污染特征及与气象因子的关系

为系统了解成都市黑碳气溶胶(BC)的污染特征,利用四川省环境监测站提供的成都市人民南路四段2013年9月至2014年7月逐时BC监测数据,对其浓度进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)BC小时平均浓度变化范围较大,介于0.01~57.83μg/m3,浓度中值(5.17μg/m3)小于平均值(7.32μg/m3),即BC小时浓度具有偏态分布特征。2)BC日均浓度变化范围为2~28.2μg/m3,其浓度日变化在四季均呈明显的单谷型,谷值出现在16:00时附近,表现为从凌晨到10:00时变化较平稳,10:00—16:00时浓度急剧下降,16:00到夜间浓度急剧上升;浓度季变化呈现出冬高夏低,春秋平稳的基本特征。3)秋、冬、春、夏四季BC本底浓度值分别为2.49,5.05,2.89,2.43μg/m3。4)BC质量浓度与PM2.5和PM10变化趋势一致,BC浓度相对颗粒物浓度变化较快,在0.01水平上与PM2.5和PM10均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.657、0.638,与温度、降水和风速均呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.334,-0.338,-0.202。     

华北平原夏收期间气溶胶卫星遥感探测分析

为研究2014年华北平原在夏收期间气溶胶污染的时空分布特征及形成原因,对2014年6月MODIS卫星的华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、细粒子比(FMF)、火点分布及后向轨迹进行了分析.结果表明,2014年6月华北平原的气溶胶光学厚度值在1.2~2.0之间,远高于年平均值1.0~1.2,而6月的火点分布主要集中在6—14日,此阶段的气溶胶光学厚度值高于6月6日前及14日以后的气溶胶光学厚度值.在两个特定研究区——华北南部及长三角地区,通过对6月的3个阶段的细粒子比进行分析,发现火点集中阶段细粒子排放增多,确定此次污染极有可能是由秸秆燃烧造成.在火点集中时期,两个研究区的后向轨迹说明,污染主要来自火点分布密集区域,进一步确定了秸秆燃烧是华北平原在夏收期间的主要污染源之一.