基于CALIOP探测的京津冀地区气溶胶垂直分布特征

利用2011—2015年星载激光雷达(CALIOP)探测资料分析京津冀地区气溶胶消光系数(AEC)的垂直分布,AEC表征了气溶胶的浓度水平。结果表明:AEC的垂直分布季节变化显著,2 km以下尤为明显;整层气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)在夏季(0.7)高于其他季节,湿度对AEC产生较大的影响;而500 m以下低层的AEC体现的特征与之相反,冬季最大(0.65 km~(-1)),春夏季较小(0.25 km~(-1))。夏秋季低层AEC存在较大昼夜差异,夜间最大为0.65 km~(-1),是白天的2.5倍,低层较大的相对湿度昼夜变化成为消光系数巨大差异的主因。南北向贯穿京津冀地区垂直剖面上AEC的分布显示,在夏季夜间,气溶胶浓度水平在南部地区的低层较高,而在其他季节并没有体现出明显的南北差异。     

2014年6月南京大气复合污染观测

二次无机盐是PM_2.5的重要组成部分,厘清污染过程中二次无机盐的演变过程和影响因素,是提高对污染过程认识的关键.以2014年6月南京地区两次污染事件为例,研究了污染过程中二次无机盐的演变过程和影响因素.结果表明,两次污染过程均表现出显著的大气复合污染特征;污染初期,臭氧浓度较高,大气氧化性强,气态硝酸具有较高的生成潜势,为细颗粒物中NO₃^-的快速生成创造前提条件,后期相对湿度（RH）升高对NO₃^-的生成起决定性作用;当RH大于多组分的共同潮解相对湿度（DRH^*）时,NH₄NO₃潮解平衡时NH₃和HNO₃的理论分压积显著降低,低于观测得到的分压积,有利于NO₃^-生成,同时,观测和理论的分压积差异能够很好地表征NO₃^-的浓度变化特征.     

1甲-基环己烯气相臭氧氧化生成二次有机气溶胶产物的研究

采用烟雾箱实验模拟了大气中1-甲基环己烯臭氧氧化生成二次有机气溶胶的化学过程.采用衍生化方法和气质联用仪对反应中生成的低挥发性有机酸产物进行了定性定量研究.通过研究.OH自由基清除剂和相对湿度对产物产率的影响,检验了文献中提出的假设反应机理,并提出了各产物的详细形成机理.     

太湖梅梁湾附生细菌和游离细菌群落结构分析

细菌是浮游藻类群落结构重要的生物调节因子之一.采用PCR-DGGE技术研究太湖梅梁湾水域的菌群结构,主要分析水华发展阶段和暴发阶段该水域附生细菌和游离细菌的群落结构,以获得富营养化水体更丰富的微生态信息,探讨附生细菌和游离细菌在水华过程中可能具有的重要生态功能.结果表明,附生菌群结构简单,具有较高的时空稳定性,是水华发展阶段的优势菌群,其优势种群主要为α-proteobacteria和γ-proteobacteria;比较而言,游离菌群具有明显的时间差异性,水华发展阶段的种群多样性非常低,水华暴发阶段的则相当高,从而成为这一时期的优势菌群,以Actinobacteria和α-proteobacteria为主.此外,在水华发展与暴发阶段均发现淡水水体中较为罕见的SAR11种群,且这类细菌在附生菌群和游离菌群中均可检测到.     

沿淮麦区大气无机态氮质量浓度的观测研究

2010年6月6日至6月16日,运用采样器TH-110B和TH-150C收集了地处沿淮麦区3个观测点的气体（NH3和NO2）和气溶胶样品,初步探讨了小麦收获期大气气态氮和颗粒态氮质量浓度的特征。结果表明：气态氮质量浓度以NO2最高,其时均质量浓度和日均质量浓度分别为0.57～0.64 mg.m-3和0.29～0.63 mg·m-3,且均超标（0.24和0.12 mg·m-3）;颗粒态氮质量浓度以NH4＋-N最高（4.12～78.28μg·m-3）,占总氮的47.00%～71.19%。此外,农业活动如收割,可增加大气气溶胶及无机态氮的质量浓度。     

北京市秋季大气气溶胶质量浓度谱分布特征的观测研究

为了研究不同天气形势和气象要素对不同粒径段的大气气溶胶质量浓度谱分布的影响,2010年秋季在北京市采用空气动力学粒径仪对0.5 ～20 μm的大气颗粒物进行了为期2个月的连续观测.结果表明,在不同天气形势和气团运动下,质量浓度谱分布差异明显.受到西北气流影响,在质量浓度较小的清洁天气,谱分布主要集中在粗粒径段(清洁天气).当天气以静稳为主,颗粒物质量浓度值中等偏高时,粗细粒径气溶胶分布中出现谱值相近的高峰(中等浑浊天气).在受到西南气流主要影响的高质量浓度的观测日中,细粒径气溶胶在谱分布中占主要地位(高浑浊天气).在相同气团影响的天气下,昼夜间质量浓度谱分布的谱型变化趋势一致.清洁天气保持了粗粒径段的单峰分布,中等浑浊和高浑浊天气呈双峰分布.清洁天气细粒径段谱值受光化学反应影响在日间略高于夜间.中等浑浊天气中质量浓度的谱值在夜间受相对湿度和温度变化影响有显著增加.高浑浊天气下,昼夜温湿差别小,谱分布未出现明显变化.     

大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)对二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成贡献的参数化估算

大气中二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是PM25中的重要组成部分,挥发性有机物(VOCs)的光化学氧化是其主要来源之一.从VOCs转化生成SOA的过程非常复杂,参数化方法是一种相对简化的估算方式,可以用于区分不同VOCs物种对SOA生成的贡献.本文介绍了基于二产物和基于挥发性分级两种常用的参数化估算方法,并总结分析文献报道的SOA估算结果.文章中也指出现在的参数化估算还存在一些问题,如何准确量化VOCs向SOA的转化过程将是大气化学未来的重要研究工作.     

一种纳米气溶胶发生系统的设计及性能测试

气溶胶发生系统是校准大气颗粒物测量仪器、研究纳米颗粒物特性和开展烟雾箱模拟实验的必备仪器之一.针对现有气溶胶发生仪器稳定性差和不利于外场监测等缺点,本研究设计了一款新型纳米气溶胶发生系统(包括气溶胶发生器和扩散干燥管),并通过搭建实验系统对该仪器的工作性能进行了测试.在性能测试中使用氯化钠(NaCl)-水溶液和癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)-异丙醇溶液分别产生固态NaCl和液态DOS气溶胶,利用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪测试生成气溶胶的粒径分布.测试结果表明,通过调节溶液浓度(0.01～0.50 g·L-1)和载气流量(1.64～3.67 L·min-1),生成不同大小(几何平均粒径:25～51nm)和不同数浓度(106～107个·cm-3)的气溶胶.对仪器稳定性能测试发现,在3 h的测试时间里生成的气溶胶几何平均粒径变化小于6%,数浓度变化小于12%.     

Effect of humic acids and sunlight on the cytotoxicity of engineered zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to a river bacterial assemblage

The effect of a terrestrial humic acid (HA) and Suwannee River HA on the cytotoxicity of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) to natural aquatic bacterial assemblages was measured with spread plate counting. The effect of HA (10 and 40 ppm) on the cytotoxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs was tested factorially in the presence and absence of natural sunlight (light irradiation (LI)). The experiment was of full factorial, completely randomized design and the results were analyzed using the General Linear Model in SAS analytical software. The method of least squares means was used to separate the means or combinations of means. We determined the mechanism of toxicity via measurements of oxidative stress and metal ions. The toxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs to natural aquatic bacterial assemblages appears to be concentration dependent. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs appeared to be affected by HA concentration, the presence of sunlight irradiation, and the dynamic multiple interactions among these factors. With respect to light versus darkness in the control group, the data indicate that bacterial viability was inhibited more in the light exposure than in the darkness exposure. The same was true in the HA treatment groups. With respect to terrestrial versus Suwanee River HA for a given nanoparticle, in light versus darkness, bacterial viability was more inhibited in the light treatment groups containing the terrestrial HA than in those containing Suwanee River HA. Differences in the extent of reactive oxygen species formation, adsorption/binding of ZnONPs/TiO2NPs by HA, and the levels of free metal ions were speculated to account for the observed cytotoxicity. TEM images indicate the attachment and binding of the tested nanoparticles to natural bacterial assemblages. Besides the individual parameter, significant effects on bacterial viability count were also observed in the following combined treatments: HA-ZnONPs, HA-LI, ZnONPs-LI, and HA-ZnONPs-LI. The main effects of all independent variables, plus interaction effects in all cases were significant with TiO2NPs.     

Biodegradation of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan by bacterial strain Alcaligenes faecalis JBW4

The recently discovered endosulfan-degrading bacterial strain Alcaligenesfaecalis JBW4 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain is able to use endosulfan as a carbon and energy source. The optimal conditions for the growth of strain JBW4 and for biodegradation by this strain were identified, and the metabolic products of endosulfan degradation were studied in detail. The maximum level of endosulfan biodegradation by strain JBW4 was obtained using broth at an initial pH of 7.0, an incubation temperature of 40℃ and an endosulfan concentration of I00 mg/L. The concentration of endosulfan was determined by gas chromatography. Strain JBW4 was able to degrade 87.5% of α-endosulfan and 83.9% of β-endosulfan within 5 days. These degradation rates are much higher than the previously reported bacterial strains. Endosulfan diol and endosulfan lactone were the major metabolites detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; endosulfan sulfate, which is a persistent and toxic metabolite, was not detected. These results suggested that A. faecalis JBW4 degrades endosulfan via a non-oxidative pathway. The biodegradation of endosulfan by A. faecalis is reported for the first time. Additionally, the present study indicates that strain JBW4 may have potential for the biodegradation of endosulfan residues.