Study of atmospheric electrical conductivity,SO2, NO2, aerosols SPM (>10 μ) and RSPM (<10 μ) in Mysore city,India

It is well known that atmospheric electrical conductivity is mainly due to the presence of small ions. Near the surface of the earth, radon and its daughter products predominantly produce small ions. In the presence of aerosol particles, the small ion concentration is reduced due to attachment of small ions to aerosol particles which decreases mobility and conductivity in the atmosphere. The ion pair production rate is estimated from the measured radon and its progeny concentrations and correlated with electrical conductivity of the atmosphere. Measurement of concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), SO₂, and NO₂ of air was also carried out. Data showed that reduced electrical conductivity was related to concentration of airborne SPM.     

Size distribution of black (BC) and total carbon (TC) in Vienna and Ljubljana

During two campaigns in winter 2004, size segregated impactor samples (0.1-10 microm) and filter samples were taken in two Central European cities (Vienna, Austria and Ljubljana, Slovenia). The impactor samples were analyzed for major inorganic ions and short-chain organic acids, total carbon (TC) and black carbon (BC). Maximum concentrations of total mass were 71.6 microg m(-3) in Vienna and 73.1 microg m(-3) in Ljubljana. Minimum concentrations in Vienna were only half those in Ljubljana. The BC content of the aerosol was similar (ca. 8%), but the BC/TC ratio was higher in Vienna than in Ljubljana (0.39 vs. 0.29), reflecting the different contribution of diesel traffic emissions. The mass median diameters of the submicron size distributions of all major fractions (total mass, TC, BC and SO(4)(2-)) were smaller in Vienna (0.43 microm, 0.41 microm, 0.38 microm and 0.48 microm, respectively) than in Ljubljana (0.55 microm, 0.44 microm, 0.42 microm and 0.60 microm, respectively). Impactor/filter ratios for total mass were 0.79 in Vienna and 0.82 in Ljubljana, while the ratios for BC were 0.56 in Vienna and 0.49 in Ljubljana. An estimation of the mixing state of accumulation mode BC indicated that 33% and 37% of BC, respectively, are mixed externally to the aerosol in the accumulation size range in Vienna and Ljubljana.     

中国地区太阳分光辐射观测网的建立与仪器标定

大规模的太阳分光地基联网观测不但能够直接为该项研究提供基础数据,同时也可为卫星遥感提供地表订正.利用性能优越的LED型太阳光度计,依托中国生态研究网络(CERN)分布在中国各地的观测站,建立了标准的太阳分光辐射观测网.利用Langley定标法结合量值传递定标法对观测网所有光度计的标定方法及误差分析表明,不同光度计间的同步观测结果(相对标准偏差小于3%)以及与CIMEL光度计的观测结果间(相对偏差小于5%)有很好的一致性,证实了观测结果的准确性以及该类型光度计及其观测网的稳定性和可靠性.     

北京大气气溶胶部分无机组分及相关气体的浓度变化

利用SJAC-MOBIC在2000-05～2000-09的3个采样时段测量了北京大气中的气溶胶SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NO₂^-、Cl^-及相关气体组分,得出了这些污染组分的逐时变化.结果表明气溶胶Cl^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-及气体HCl、HNO₂和HNO₃有明显的变化规律,SO₂和气溶胶SO₄^2-的变化取决于SO₂的排放,SO₄^2-的峰值一般比SO₂的峰值晚2h左右.     

典型橡胶制品业VOCs排放特征及对周边环境影响

选取衡水市3家典型橡胶制品企业作为研究对象,通过GC-MS/FID对其VOCs排放特征进行研究,并运用最大增量反应活性系数（maximum incremental reactivity,MIR）和气溶胶生成系数（fractional aerosol coefficient,FAC）分别对其臭氧生成潜势（ozone formaiton potential,OFP）和二次有机气溶胶（secondary organic aerosol,SOA）生成潜势进行评估.结果表明,橡胶制品行业的VOCs排放种类主要包括烷烃类、酮类、醛类、醇类和苯系物等.对于传统的只有炼胶工艺和硫化工艺的橡胶制品企业,其特征污染物主要为酮类和醇类,而对于涉及涂胶工艺和喷漆工艺的橡胶制品企业来说,其特征污染物为苯系物.对典型生产工艺的臭氧和SOA的生成潜势进行了评估：臭氧影响方面,对于不涉及涂胶和喷漆工艺的橡胶制品企业,臭氧生成贡献主要来自于含氧烃,对于涉及涂胶和喷漆工艺的企业,由于胶黏剂和漆料等有机溶剂的大量使用,苯系物对臭氧生成的贡献还是要远远大于其它VOCs物种,占到了VOCs总贡献的82.9%;SOA影响方面,橡胶制品企业的SOA贡献基本全部来自于苯系物,其中炼胶和硫化环节的贡献非常小,SOA贡献的主要来源是涂胶和喷漆环节,其中又以喷漆环节的贡献最大.因此,对于只有炼胶和硫化等工艺的传统橡胶制品企业,应优先控制含氧烃的排放,而对于涉及涂胶和喷漆等工艺的橡胶制品企业,应优先控制苯系物的排放.     

宝鸡高新区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其影响因素研究

为研究宝鸡高新区黑碳(BC)气溶胶浓度的变化特征及其影响因素,利用2017年3月1日至2018年2月28日的BC气溶胶浓度、PM_(2.5)质量浓度以及风速风向数据,对该地区BC气溶胶质量浓度特征变化及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明,宝鸡高新区BC和PM_(2.5)质量浓度范围分别为0.35~6.18μg/m~3和8.01~192.20μg/m~3,平均值分别为(1.67±1.22)μg/m~3和(46.96±33.18)μg/m~3。BC气溶胶的背景质量浓度为(0.81±0.76)μg/m~3。BC与PM_(2.5)的相关系数为0.673,呈正相关。观测期间10—12月BC质量浓度较其他月份相对较高,其季节变化由大到小依次为冬季秋季春季夏季,这可能与采暖季用煤及气象条件不同有关。BC气溶胶的日变化有峰谷值,峰值出现在07:00—09:00和20:00—22:00,谷值出现在14:00—16:00。BC和PM_(2.5)质量浓度均随污染等级加重而增加。宝鸡高新区BC污染在西北风向下较为严重,且此时风速较小,BC质量浓度与风速的相关系数分别为-0.438,呈负相关,静风和非静风条件下BC平均质量浓度分别为2.50μg/m~3和1.53μg/m~3,表明静风条件下,污染物容易累积,导致BC质量浓度升高。     

基于激光雷达分析2020年冬季镇江地区一次大气污染过程

利用气溶胶激光雷达观测结果,结合环境监测站污染物浓度数据、气象观测资料及HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式结果,综合分析2020年1月17—22日镇江市一次大气污染过程。结果显示,此次污染过程前期天气形势稳定,不利于污染物的清除及扩散,后期受偏北风影响,北方污染物向镇江输送,使得本地污染物持续累积,污染不断加重。特征雷达图分析表明此次污染为以PM2.5为主的二次污染。激光雷达显示污染日消光系数为0.0~0.9 km-1,消光系数垂直廓线日变化特征明显,气溶胶粒子主要堆积在0.6 km高度以下,并且很好地揭示了污染气团从高空逐渐下沉最终与本地污染叠加的过程,与HYSPLIT模式解析的污染气团来源结果基本一致。     

Impacts of n-alkane concentration on soil bacterial community structure and alkane monooxygenase genes abundance during bioremediation processes

Petroleum hydrocarbons, mainly consisting of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are considered as priority pollutants and biohazards in the environment, eventually affecting the ecosystem and human health. Though many previous studies have investigated the change of bacterial community and alkane degraders during the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, there is still lack of understanding on the impacts of soil alkane contamination level. In the present study, microcosms with different n-alkane contamination (1%, 3% and 5%) were set up and our results indicated a complete alkane degradation after 30 and 50 days in 1%- and 3%-alkane treatments, respectively. In all the treatments, alkanes with medium-chain length (C₁₁-C₁₄) were preferentially degraded by soil microbes, followed by C₂₇-alkane in 3% and 5% treatments. Alkane contamination level slightly altered soil bacterial community, and the main change was the presence and abundance of dominant alkane degraders. Thermogemmatisporaceae, Gemmataceae and Thermodesulfovibrionaceae were highly related to the degradation of C₁₄- and C₂₇-alkanes in 5% treatment, but linked to alkanes with medium-chain (C₁₁-C₁₈) in 1% treatment and C₂₁-alkane in 3% treatment, respectively. Additionally, we compared the abundance of three alkane-monooxygenase genes, e.g., alk_A, alk_P and alk_R. The abundance of alk_R gene was highest in soils, and alk_P gene was more correlated with alkane degradation efficiency, especially in 5% treatment. Our results suggested that alkane contamination level showed non-negligible effects on soil bacterial communities to some extents, and particularly shaped alkane degraders and degrading genes significantly. This study provides a better understanding on the response of alkane degraders and bacterial communities to soil alkane concentrations, which affects their biodegradation process.

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Gas and Aerosol Loadings at Holme Moss 1996–1998 Measurements and Analysis Using Back-Trajectory Clustering

A continuous two-year atmospheric datasetcomprising gas and aerosol loadings from amountain site in northern England (Holme Moss,W1°5130 N53°320) is presented. The data are analysed with respect to three-dayback-trajectories that are grouped according to aclustering technique that allows speed, directionand curvature of the airmass track to beconsidered. The technique is successful inseparating the data into chemically distinctsubsets. Up to 29% of the variance in the datais explained by back-trajectory clusters. Slow trajectories are associated with highloadings especially for the oxides of nitrogen,which may imply a local source for much of thesuspended pollutant. The data suggest thatproduction of nitrate and sulphate is limited byoxidant availability at least in the winter. Itmay be possible to optimise the analytical powerof the technique by increasing the importance ofrecent airmass track in determining clusterallocation. This applies especially to the totalsulphur loading.     

Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to an Industrial Effluent in Nigeria

The microbiological impact of a detergent and soap industries effluent on Clarias gariepinus was assessed under laboratory conditions. The heterotrophic bacterial count obtained from fish surfaces ranged from 1.2 × 10²−2.0 × 10²cfu/ml amongst the control, while values of 4.8× 10⁶−8.6 × 10⁶ cfu/ml were obtained for the experimental fish exposed to the industrial effluent (0.025 ppm). The fungal count for the controls ranged from 1.2× 10²−1.2 × 10³ cfu/ml; while a range of 1.0 × 10⁶−2.0 × 10⁶ was obtained for the fish exposed to the industrial effluent. While twelve bacterial species were isolated from the fish exposed to the industrial effluent, only two were isolated from the parts of the control fish used in the study. The bacterial species are those in the genera Staphylococcus, Proteus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Enterobacter, and Escherichia. The fungal isolates include Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Rhodosporium, Candida, Alternaria, and Fusarium. The resistance of the bacterial isolates to the commonly used antibiotics showed that 100% were resistant to Augmentin, Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin, 85.71% to Tetracycline, 80.95% to Cotrimoxazole, 71.43% to Erythromycin, 33.33% to Chloramphenicol, and 28.57% to Gentamicin. Among the eight antibiotics tested, five patterns of multiple drug resistance were obtained, with the number of the antibiotics ranging from 4–8. The public health implications of these observations are discussed.