纤维素基缓蚀剂的缓释机理与应用进展

简要介绍了纤维素及其衍生物的分类及其特性,综述归纳了纤维素的缓蚀机理,系统概述了植物纤维素及其衍生物,纳米纤维素在缓蚀系统中的多种缓蚀作用,同时以植物纤维素和纳米纤维素的结构特性为依据,讨论了细菌纤维素在金属缓蚀系统中的应用前景。最后提出羧甲基纤维素与羟乙基纤维素及它们各自的衍生物应用范围广,但受温度影响较大。纤维素纳米晶体在金属防护方面有很好的应用前景,也是未来研究的重点。细菌纤维素有望成为一种高效、绿色的新型缓蚀剂,但目前还未引起研究人员足够的重视,对其制备方法和缓释机理还需要进行深入研究。     

百草枯对巨桉人工幼林土壤细菌多样性的影响

为了解百草枯对土壤微生物多样性的影响过程和时效,在施加百草枯后第0、1、2、4、8、15、31d动态采集四川盆地典型巨桉人工幼林表层土壤,采用PCR-DGGE方法研究了细菌群落多样性特征.结果表明,施加百草枯后第1d土壤细菌丰富度显著降低,但在第2d明显增加,随后在第4d和第8d出现一个降低的过程,直至第15d降至最低点,在第31d又显著增加.施用百草枯后明显降低了土壤细菌群落Shannon-Wiener指数,但增加了Simpson指数,表明百草枯的施加可使部分细菌减少或丧失,土壤细菌群落结构表现出较高的优势度和较低的丰富度.通过对优势条带的克隆测序,鞘脂杆菌科(Sphingobacteriaceae)和酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)普遍存在于施加百草枯前后的不同阶段,而施加百草枯后第1d伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)和γ-变形菌纲(Gamma-proteobacteria)条带消失,随后均在第2、4和8d出现,但15d后伯克氏菌目、α-变形菌纲(Alpha-proteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲条带消失,第31dγ-变形菌纲条带仍然缺失.这些结果为更清晰地认识百草枯对土壤微生物的影响提供了基础数据.     

Biolog和PCR-DGGE技术解析椒江口沉积物微生物多样性

采用Biolog和PCR-DGGE技术对椒江口6个站位表层沉积物群落水平的微生物代谢功能和以16S rRNA基因标记的细菌遗传多样性进行分析,并对其代谢功能和群落结构与沉积物污染物等参数进行冗余梯度分析(Redundancy gradient analysis,RDA)和典范对应分析(Canonicalcorrespondence analysis,CCA).Biolog分析结果表明,微生物群落整体代谢活性由高到低的顺序为:潮间带(B1、B2)、入海口处(A3)>入海口内(A1、A2)>入海口外(A4);碳源代谢的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为2.09～3.25,由高到低的顺序为:潮间带(B1、B2)、入海口处(A3)>河道内(A1)>近入海口处(A2)>入海口外(A4);潮间带、入海口处及河道内的微生物对各类碳源的相对利用率较平均,而近入海口处和入海口外的微生物群落对聚合物的相对利用率较高,对氨基酸类和胺类的相对利用率较低.DGGE图谱分析表明,细菌群落结构沿河口盐度梯度存在空间异质性,但两潮间带站位的相似度高(82.27%);遗传基因的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为1.68～2.87,由高到低的顺序为:潮间带>入海口处>入海口外>近入海口处>河道内.群落代谢功能与理化因子的RDA显示,有机质和硝基苯的分布能较好地解释微生物群落代谢功能的变化;群落遗传结构与理化因子的CCA显示,硝基苯和多环芳烃的分布能较好地解释细菌群落遗传结构的变化.综上结果认为,椒江口沉积物的微生物代谢及遗传多样性符合典型的河口特征,但入海口内微生物沉积环境已表现出对某些化工污染物的响应.     

Diversity surveys of soil bacterial community by cultivation--based methods and molecular fingerprinting techniques

By combining the cultivation methods with molecular fingerprinting techniques, the diversity surveys of soil bacterial community in 13 areas of China were carded out. The cultivable heterotrophic diversity was investigated by colony morphology on solid LB medium. Genetic diversity was measured as bands on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) by the extraction and purification of the total soil DNA, and amplification of bacterial 16S rDNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). The Shannon-Wiener indices of diversity(H), richness(S) and evenness(EH) were employed to estimate the diversity of soil bacterial community. The results showed that there was an obvious diversification existed in soil from the different areas. However, the genetic diverslty estimated by PCR-DGGE can provide more comprehensive information on bacterial community than the cultivation-based methods. Therefore, it is suggested to combine the traditional methods with genetic fingerprinting techniques to survey and estimate soil bacterial diversity.     

兰州市室外大气细菌气溶胶浓度及粒径分布特征

在兰州市不同室外环境区域布设4个采样点,使用PSW-6型安德森（Andersen）6级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器采集大气细菌气溶胶,分析其浓度和粒径日变化特征。结果表明,不同季节各采样点的大气细菌气溶胶浓度上午时段为88 CFU/m3～1 335 CFU/m3,下午时段为78 CFU/m3～865 CFU/m3。除了夏季兴隆山上午时段外,其余不同季节各采样点上、下午时段的大气细菌气溶胶粒径均主要分布于Ⅰ级—Ⅳ级（＞2.10μm）,占比为 70.54%～93.94%;Ⅴ级（1.10 μm～2.10μm）和Ⅵ级（0.65 μm～1.10 μm）大气细菌粒子占比较低,仅为6.06%～29.46%。     

细菌发光传感器在快速检测污染物急性毒性中的应用

本研究以明亮发光杆菌作为指示生物,将细胞固定化技术,生物传感器技术与发光细菌毒性测试技术有机结合起来,建立一种细菌发光传感器,确定了固体化菌膜的发光强度及稳定时间,以这一检测系统测定了３种金属离子及３种有机化合物的急性毒性（以抑制菌膜发光强度５０％所需的受试物浓度ＥＣ５０值表示）并分析了毒性作用的动力学过程,实验结果表明：在Ｈ７．０温度２０℃３．０％ＮａＣｌ底液条件下固定化菌膜的发光强度达２５０～     

棉秆还田对咸水滴灌棉田土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构多样性的影响

咸水长期灌溉会增加土壤盐分,对土壤理化性质产生不利影响,改变土壤细菌的多样性.秸秆还田可以改善土壤微环境,进而影响土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构多样性.试验设置淡水(FW,0.35 dS·m-1)和咸水(SW,8.04 dS·m-1)两种灌溉水盐度,在每个灌溉水盐度下秸秆用量分别为0 kg·hm-2和6 000 kg·hm-...     

多环芳烃共代谢对苯并[a]蒽微生物降解的影响及机制

利用14C同位素示踪技术,研究土壤中菲、蒽、芘3种底物对苯并[a]蒽(BaA)环境归趋的影响,高通量测序解析细菌群落响应.结果表明,3种底物均可以促进BaA的降解,添加蒽作为共代谢底物后,BaA矿化率比对照提高了2.5％,而添加菲、芘时,14C在土壤的结合态比对照升高4％,达总添加量的31％.共代谢底物改变了细菌共生网...     

Evidential role of municipal solid waste and liquid effluent on environment and public health

Cities in Bangladesh produce large amounts of solid waste (SW) through various human activities which severely pollutes our native environment. As a result, SW pollutes the three basic environmental elements (air, water, and soil) by increasing pathogenic microbial load, which might be hazardous to public health directly or indirectly. In this study, we conducted 30 samples (i.e., soil, water, and air) collected from areas where municipal solid wastes are dumped (Tangail Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh). All the samples were analyzed to assess bacteriological quality for presumptive viable and coliform count using different agar media. We performed serial dilution 10⁻³–10⁻¹⁰ times for soil and water samples, and the diluted samples were spread on Mac-Conkey agar and nutrient agar plates. For the air sample, the sterile media containing petri-dish was placed adjacent to the dumpsite of the municipal waste and kept for an hour. Then all the samples were incubated at 37°C overnight for total viable count (TVC) and total coliform count (TCC). Biochemical tests and PCR were performed for the identification of these microorganisms. The antibiogram study was performed to reveal their (identified bacteria) susceptibility against clinically used antibiotics according to the standard disk diffusion technique. The highest bacterial loads were found in the air: TVC 3.273 × 10³ and TCC 1.059 × 10³ CFU/plate; tube-well water: TVC 8.609 × 10³, and TCC 8.317 × 10³ CFU/mL; in surface water: TVC 6.24 × 10¹³ CFU/mL and TCC 2.2 × 10¹² CFU/mL; in soil: TVC 2.88 × 10¹¹ and TCC 1.02 × 10¹¹ CFU/g, respectively. Microbes from SW can be transmitted through air, dust particles, or flies, and here we found an average of 1120 microbes spread over 63.61 cm² area per hour. Eight bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Proteus spp., V. cholera, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Vibrio spp.) were identified by the biochemical test. Among them, E. coli and Shigella spp. were further ensured by PCR targeting bfpA and ipaH genes. Antibiotic susceptibility test results showed that E. coli isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (80%); Shigella spp. were resistant to nalidixic acid (90%), whereas Salmonella spp. was found resistant to kanamycin (90%). Vibrio spp. were also resistant to azithromycin (80%) and erythromycin (80%), which should be a great concern for us. A semi-structured survey revealed that 63% of respondents suffered from different clinical conditions (intestinal diseases) due to SW pollution. So, steps should be taken to improve the proper management and disposal of solid waste and liquid effluent to save our environment and public health.     

不同官能团微塑料对斑马鱼胚胎菌群和代谢功能的胁迫效应

为探究官能团修饰对微塑料生物效应的影响规律和机制,分析了3种聚苯乙烯微塑料（PS、PS—NH₂和PS—COOH）在斑马鱼（Danio rerio）胚胎内的累积特征,并利用微生物组学和代谢组学相结合的分析技术,解析了斑马鱼幼鱼体内代谢功能及微生物群落的响应规律.结果显示,3种微塑料都可以在斑马鱼体内产生累积,其含量范围为143~175 μg·g^-1,且不存在明显差异性.斑马鱼胚胎绒毛膜是微塑料早期暴露的主要累积场所,但不能有效阻止小粒径微塑料的穿透.未修饰的PS明显影响了斑马鱼幼鱼体内氨基糖苷类的代谢能力,PS—NH₂主要对氨基酸的代谢过程产生了影响,而PS—COOH则主要作用于三羧酸循环、氨基酸及糖酵解等代谢通路.3种微塑料均导致了斑马鱼幼鱼体内代谢功能的变化,从而对斑马鱼产生了毒性效应,而微塑料的官能团修饰则加强了这一影响程度.与对照组相比,PS—NH₂明显降低了斑马鱼幼鱼体内的微生物群落的多样性,显著增加了变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的占比,导致斑马鱼幼鱼体内的菌群失衡,从而引起鱼体代谢功能的紊乱.微塑料的官能团修饰可能会明显改变其对生物体的胁迫效应,导致难以预测的生态风险.