Phylogenetic diversity and specificity of bacteria associated with Microcystis aeruginosa and other cyanobacteria

Interactions between bacteria and cyanobacteria have been suggested to have a potential to influence harmful algal bloom dynamics; however, little information on these interactions has been reported. In this study, the bacterial communities associated with five strains of Microcystis aeruginosa, three species of other Microcystis spp., and four representative species of non-Microcystis cyanobacteria were compared. Bacterial 16S rDNA fragments were amplified and separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) followed by DNA sequence analysis. The similarities among bacterial communities associated with these cyanobacteria were compared to the digitized DGGE profiles using the cluster analyses. The bacterial community structure of all cyanobacterial cultures di ered. Cluster analysis showed that the similarity values among M. aeruginosa cultures were higher than those of other cyanobacterial cultures. Sequence analysis of DGGE fragments indicated the presence of bacteria including, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in the cyanobacterial cultures. Members of the Sphingomonadales were the prevalent group among the Microcystis-associated bacteria. The results provided further evidence for species-specific associations between cyanoabcteria and heterotrophic bacteria, which are useful for understanding interactions between Microcystis and their associated bacteria.     

制药残留溶剂对废水生物降解系统微生物毒性的测定方法比较

水质生物毒性测定是评价水环境质量的重要内容,制药废水有机物含量高,有些成分可抑制污泥活性或具有生物毒性.为了更准确地评估制药废水的生物毒性,筛选出适用于准确评价污染物对废水生物降解系统中微生物生物毒性的方法,对发光细菌法、脱氢酶活性法、硝化抑制法及呼吸速率法4种生物毒性测定方法进行了比较研究,以甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺、三乙胺3种常见制药有机溶剂为研究对象、氯化汞为标准毒物.结果表明,各测定方法得出的结果不同,根据灵敏度和测定时间,4种方法排序为发光细菌法(2 h)、脱氢酶活性法(7 h)、硝化速率法(120 h)、呼吸速率法(48 h),与其他3种基于活性污泥毒性的测定方法相比,发光细菌法具有最高的灵敏度.3种活性污泥法对有机溶剂的毒性响应具有相同顺序,从高到低为二甲基甲酰胺、三乙胺、甲苯,而发光细菌法与之不同,顺序为三乙胺、甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺.综合考虑测定方法的灵敏度、测试时间、操作简便性,推荐选取灵敏度最高的发光细菌试验和以活性污泥为受试对象的脱氢酶活性法联合使用,将二者综合的测定结果作为判定依据,可以更准确地判定制药残留溶剂对废水生物降解系统的生物毒性.     

黄土高原土壤中细菌群落结构多样性的PCR-DGGE分析

利用细菌通用引物,对从黄土高原5个地区土壤样品以及西峰剖面26个土壤样品中提取的总DNA进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对PCR产物进行分析,以揭示黄土高原土壤中细菌群落结构的多样性.针对黄土高原土壤微生物特点进行DGGE试验条件优化,获得最佳变性梯度为40%～70%,最佳电泳时间为17 h(100 V).对不同深度土壤细菌DGGE图谱的聚类分析表明,不同深度土壤细菌呈现2种不同的群落结构,推测其成因可能与季风性气候引起的温湿环境变化及冰期有关.在夏季风加强而冬季风减弱的时期,气候温暖潮湿,风化成壤作用强烈,在DGGE图谱中表现为土壤样品条带多而密;反之,风化成壤作用较弱,在DGGE图谱中表现为条带少而疏.对洛川、西峰等5个地区土壤细菌Shannon-Weiner指数的测定结果表明,Shannon-Weiner指数受条带亮度及迁移率的影响.     

宏基因组学分析深度处理阶段污水中细菌的赋存特征及其功能

为探究深度处理阶段污水中细菌的赋存特征及其功能,采集了污水深度处理阶段沿程各单元的进出水样品,并基于宏基因组学对污水中细菌的群落结构及功能进行了解析.结果表明,不同深度处理单元出水中细菌的多样性存在差异,臭氧接触池出水中细菌的多样性最低;相比夏季,冬季深度处理阶段污水中细菌的丰富度和多样性较低.不同季节深度处理阶段污水中的细菌群落结构变化较大,反硝化滤池出水中的细菌群落结构与其它样品存在较大差异;变形菌门（41.5%～71.0%）是深度处理阶段污水中的主要优势菌门,其次是拟杆菌门（3.8%～16.2%）;反硝化滤池出水中主要菌属有脱氯单胞菌（4.1%～7.4%）、弓形杆菌（3.0%～8.3%）和不动杆菌（2.3%～3.0%）.在深度处理阶段各工艺出水中共发现了29种与氮代谢有关的功能基因,并且在各工艺出水中均检测到了与反硝化有关的功能基因,如nosZ、napA、nirK和norB等,表明深度处理阶段污水中的细菌具有持续脱氮的潜力.糖苷转移酶和糖苷水解酶是深度处理阶段主要的碳水化合物活性酶,深度处理阶段污水中的细菌表现出了对多种有机物的降解潜力.     

宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌海拔分布特征

研究农田土壤微生物多样性、结构与功能的海拔分布特征及其影响因子,对保护农田生态系统生物多样性具有重要意义.利用高通量测序技术对宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌多样性、群落结构和代谢功能沿海拔分布特征及其对土壤理化性质的响应进行分析.结果表明:①土壤细菌Alpha多样性指数与海拔呈显著负相关,沿海拔呈现先降低再略升高的变化趋势.②变形菌（Proteobacteria）、放线菌（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）等7个菌门为优势菌群,其中5个菌群在海拔间具有极显著性差异.③二级分类水平上包括膜运输、碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢等36个细菌代谢功能,其中22个在不同海拔间具有显著性差异,12个具有极显著性差异.④Pearson相关分析表明,土壤含水量、容重、pH和碳氮比对细菌Alpha多样性影响最为显著,总有机碳、全氮和全磷等土壤养分对细菌Beta多样性具有显著影响.⑤Mantel分析表明,门水平细菌群落结构受土壤含水量、总有机碳和碳氮比影响,细菌代谢功能与土壤pH、总有机碳、全氮、全磷和碳氮比均有显著相关性.方差分解分析显示土壤含水量对群落结构解释度最高,pH对代谢功能解释度最高.由此可知,土壤含水量和pH是影响宁夏黄土丘陵区农田土壤细菌多样性、群落组成和代谢功能的主要土壤因子.     

Modeling genetic benefits and financial costs of integrating biobanking into the conservation breeding of managed marsupials

Managed breeding programs are an important tool in marsupial conservation efforts but may be costly and have adverse genetic effects in unavoidably small captive colonies. Biobanking and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) could help overcome these challenges, but further demonstration of their potential is required to improve uptake. We used genetic and economic models to examine whether supplementing hypothetical captive populations of dibblers (Parantechinus apicalis) and numbats (Myrmecobius fasciatus) with biobanked founder sperm through ARTs could reduce inbreeding, lower required colony sizes, and reduce program costs. We also asked practitioners of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) captive recovery program to complete a questionnaire to examine the resources and model species research pathways required to develop an optimized biobanking protocol in the black-footed ferret. We used data from this questionnaire to devise similar costed research pathways for Australian marsupials. With biobanking and assisted reproduction, inbreeding was reduced on average by between 80% and 98%, colony sizes were on average 99% smaller, and program costs were 69- to 83-fold lower. Integrating biobanking made long-standing captive genetic retention targets possible in marsupials (90% source population heterozygosity for a minimum of 100 years) within realistic cost frameworks. Lessons from the use of biobanking technology that contributed to the recovery of the black-footed ferret include the importance of adequate research funding (US$4.2 million), extensive partnerships that provide access to facilities and equipment, colony animals, appropriate research model species, and professional and technical staff required to address knowledge gaps to deliver an optimized biobanking protocol. Applied research investment of A$133 million across marsupial research pathways could deliver biobanking protocols for 15 of Australia's most at-risk marsupial species and 7 model species. The technical expertise and ex situ facilities exist to emulate the success of the black-footed ferret recovery program in threatened marsupials using these research pathways. All that is needed now for significant and cost-effective conservation gains is greater investment by policy makers in marsupial ARTs.     

A Tool for Automated Load Duration Curve Creation1

Abstract: A recent study by the Texas Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Task Force has recommended the use of load duration curves as a primary tool in calculating bacterial TMDLs. This method is attractive because it effectively integrates flow regimes into TMDL analyses, clearly communicates data through a method that is understandable to the general public, and has been successfully applied in TMDL studies in other states. To ease the creation of load duration curves, an automated load duration curve creation tool called LDCurve has been created within a Microsoft Excel framework. Web services and a webscraper are used to retrieve U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data and Texas Commission on Environmental Quality water quality data. Data are imported to the spreadsheet, combined to create flow and load duration curves, and plotted. Final steps result in a preliminary estimate of the overall load reductions needed to meet water quality standards in the modeled segment. LDCurve is currently only applicable in the state of Texas, but may be updated to model water quality throughout the nation using analogous web services from the EPA STORET database. By using automated data retrievals and computations, the LDCurve tool reduces the amount of time required to create curves and calculate load reductions to a matter of minutes. LDCurve and all supporting materials are available online for free download at: http://tools.crwr.utexas.edu/LDCurve/ .     

Carbendazim induces a temporary change in soil bacterial community structure

The effect of carbendazim applications on the diversity and structure of a soil bacterial community was studied under field conditions using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and partial sequence analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. After four successive introductions of carbendazim at a level of 0.94 kg active ingredient (a.i.)/ha, the genetic diversity (expressed as Shannon index, H0) decreased from 1.43 in the control to 1.29 in treated soil. This harmful e ect seems to increase with the concentration of carbendazim. The value of H0 in the soil treated with carbendazim at 4.70 kg a.i./ha was reduced to 1.05 (P 6 0.05). The structure of soil bacterial community was also a ected after four repeated applications of carbendazim at levels of 0.94, 1.88 and 4.70 kg a.i./ha, as seen in the relative intensities of the individual band. However, the bacterial community in carbendazim-treated soil recovered to that in the control 360 d after the first treatment. The results indicated that repeated applications of carbendazim could reduce soil microbial diversity and alter the bacterial community structure temporarily.     

Bacterial reduction and release of adsorbed arsenate on Fe(Ⅲ)-, Al- and coprecipitated Fe(Ⅲ)/Al-hydroxides

Mobilization of arsenic under anaerobic conditions is of great concern in arsenic contaminated soils and sediments. Bacterial reduction of As(V) and Fe(Ⅲ) influences the cycling and partitioning of arsenic between solid and aqueous phase. We investigated the impact of bacterially mediated reductions of Fe(Ⅲ)/Al hydroxides-bound arsenic(V) and iron(Ⅲ) oxides on arsenic release. Our results suggested that As(V) reduction occurred prior to Fe(Ⅲ) reduction, and Fe(Ⅲ) reduction did not enhance the release of arsenic. Instead, Fe(Ⅲ) hydroxides retained their dissolved concentrations during the experimental process, even though the new iron mineral-magnetite formed. In contrast, the release of reduced As(Ⅲ) was promoted greatly when aluminum hydroxides was incorporated. Thus, the substitution of aluminum hydroxides may be responsible for the release of arsenic in the contaminated soils and sediments, since aluminum substitution of Fe(Ⅲ) hydroxides universally occurs under natural conditions.     

南淝河表层沉积物细菌群落结构特征及驱动因素

为了探讨南淝河不同河段沉积物细菌群落结构特征差异及其主要驱动因素,在对南淝河不同土地利用区域河段表层沉积物的主要理化指标（pH、CEC、TOC、DOC、氮分级形态）进行分析基础上,重点通过MiSeq高通量测序技术对沉积物中细菌群落结构特征进行了分析,并利用冗余分析（RDA）方法探讨了导致群落结构差异的主要驱动因素.结果表明：沉积物中门水平下优势细菌种群为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;纲水平下除未分类外主要是厌氧绳菌纲（Anaerolineae）、γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、梭状芽胞杆菌纲（Clostridia）、δ-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）,此外ε-变形菌纲（Epsilonproteobacteria）主要在南淝河下游采样点被检测到,说明其在南淝河沉积物生态系统中并不是普遍存在的;属水平下大多为未分类序列,长绳菌属（Longilinea）和芽孢杆菌属（Bellilinea）有优势地位.南淝河不同河段所在流域土地利用方式不同会导致污染物类型、污染源强和沉积物理化指标的不同,进而影响沉积物细菌群落结构,中游城区和工业区段的细菌多样性整体上高于上、下游;RDA分析结果表明,表层沉积物的CEC、TOC、DOC、TP、WAEF-N和IEF-N是导致细菌群落结构特征差异的主要影响因子,其中变形菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门受TP影响较大,绿弯菌门则受弱酸浸取态氮（WAEF-N）影响较大.