16S rDNA克隆文库解析江汉平原高砷地下水系统中的细菌多样性

为研究江汉平原高砷地下水系统中细菌多样性和种群结构,以2011年11月采自江汉平原仙桃市沙湖镇高砷含水层沉积物为研究对象,沉积物采自同一50m钻井,分别选取埋深9.9～10.1m和15.7～16.0m样品。提取沉积物中总DNA,采用16SrDNA克隆文库方法,分析高砷含水层沉积物中土壤细菌的多样性。结果发现,伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、假单胞杆菌目(Pseudomonadales)和肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)构成了高砷系统中抗砷的优势菌群。结果表明,高砷含水层中生活有大量微生物,这些微生物在砷的地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色。     

Chlorophenol tolerant and degradative bacteria isolated from a river receiving pulp mill discharges

A screening was carried out in a river receiving pulp mill discharges (BioBio river, central Chile) to study the bacterial population able to tolerate and degrade chlorophenols. In four selected stations and at different seasons, water samples were taken from the river. Total bacterial population and the number of chlorophenol tolerant bacteria were counted. Bacterial tolerance to 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was determined. Strains able to tolerate at least 400 μg/ml chlorophenols were found. Eighteen bacterial strains able to use chlorophenols as the sole carbon source were isolated: five of them were Pseudomonas fluorescens, two Alcaligenes sp., one Citrobacter freundii, one Aeromonas sp. and nine unidentified Gram negative bacilli. A good correlation (r ² = 0.758) between the logarithm of DCP tolerant bacteria and the content of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) at low dilution in the river water was established. Four groups of tolerant bacteria were found: growing on PCP and DCP, growing on PCP and TCP, growing only on PCP and growing only on TCP.     

双酚A对稻田土壤细菌群落特征及土壤酶活的影响

采用FQ-PCR(实时荧光定量PCR)、PCR-DGGE(PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳)技术和土壤酶学研究法对不同浓度双酚A污染的稻田土壤细菌群落特征及土壤酶活性进行了研究.结果表明:经双酚A高浓度处理〔即w(双酚A)分别为200和1 000 mg/kg〕的稻田土壤细菌数量显著低于未受污染的对照(CK)和低浓度处理〔w(双酚A)为50 mg/kg〕,并且高浓度处理分别较CK处理(3.64×109 g-1)下降90.44%和99.83%.细菌16S rDNA V3可变区DGGE图谱表明,受双酚A污染的土壤明显产生了数条特征性条带.UPGMA(非加权组平均法)聚类分析进一步表明,双酚A污染明显改变了稻田土壤的细菌群落组成.2次采样土壤总体酶活性参数均为CK>w(双酚A)为50 mg/kg处理>w(双酚A)为200 mg/kg处理>w(双酚A)为1 000 mg/kg处理.可见,高浓度的双酚A污染明显影响稻田土壤细菌数量以及细菌优势菌群,使农田土壤细菌群落多样性发生变化.      

磷与水中细菌再生长的关系

利用细菌再生长潜力(Bacterial Regrowth Potential,BRP)的微生物分析方法,研究了水中的磷对其生物稳定性的限制因子作用.试验测试水样为经过净水工艺处理后的出水,净水工艺处理的原水取自我国北方某水库.结果表明,在测试水样中添加50pg/L的PO₄^3--P(NaH₂PO₄)后,水样的BRP增加了100%～235%.在水样中添加各种无机盐后得到的BRP同仅添加NaH₂PO₄得到的结果相差不大,而在水样中添加1mg/L的乙酸碳(NaAc)后BRP只增加了30%～40%,大大小于只添加磷的水样,这表明在该水样中磷是细菌生长的限制因子.本试验说明,有效地去除水中的磷可以作为限制饮用水中细菌再生长,提高饮用水生物稳定性的一个重要途径.     

高通量测序分析黄土高原退耕还林区土壤细菌群落特征

为分析不同植被恢复模式下土壤细菌群落特征,探讨微生物在植被恢复过程中对黄土高原退耕还林区土壤生态系统的作用,采用高通量测序技术,以山西吉县典型森林生态系统人工林（人工刺槐林、人工油松林）、天然次生林和荒草地为研究对象,分析其土壤细菌α多样性、群落结构特征、功能预测以及土壤环境因子与细菌群落的相关性.结果表明,各恢复模式共得到25门、66纲、129类、240科、392属、760种和2213 OTUs;细菌群落的丰富度存在显著差异,均表现为草地 > 天然次生林 > 人工刺槐林 > 人工油松林.在门分类水平上,天然次生林和草地与人工林之间群落的相对丰度变化存在差异性,但差异性不显著.α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria和δ-Proteobacteria在天然次生林土壤中的相对丰度要高于其他4种恢复模式,而在草地中的相对丰度最低.在土壤环境因子中TN和pH对土壤细菌群落的影响较大,优势细菌门类与TN和pH具有显著相关性,其中TN与Actinobacteria （放线菌门）呈显著正相关,pH与Proteobacteria （变形菌门）呈显著正相关,与Actinobacteria （放线菌门）呈显著负相关,而Acidobacteria （酸杆菌门）与TN和pH均呈显著负相关关系.土壤细菌群落主要涉及细胞运动,信号转导机制,氨基酸转运和代谢、辅酶的运输和代谢等24个二级功能,均表现出功能上的丰富性.本研究结果可为黄土高原退耕还林区植被恢复的效益评价提供良好的数据基础,并为人工林的合理经营提供科学依据.     

铬污染对土壤细菌群落结构及其构建机制的影响

随着工业的快速发展铬（Cr）已经成为我国主要的土壤重金属污染物之一,严重地影响了土壤生态环境以及居民的身体健康.本研究以河北省某制革工厂污泥堆周边污染土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对不同污染程度土壤样品中的细菌群落结构及其群落构建机制进行分析.结果表明,铬污染显著地影响了土壤理化性质以及微生物群落.不同铬污染程度的土壤样品中,细菌群落结构与组成差异显著.高浓度的铬污染能降低土壤细菌群落的α多样性.铬污染土壤样品中的细菌共分为55个门,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势菌门（相对丰度>5%）.铬污染土壤中,细菌群落在构建过程中以决定性过程为主,随机性比例随着铬含量的升高而降低,并且均为同质性选择过程.土壤中总铬含量、含水率、pH、有机质与细菌群落显著（P<0.05）相关,是影响细菌群落结构的主要驱动因子.     

嗜盐菌群在甲苯降解过程中群落结构的变化解析

从胜利油田的高盐油污土壤中富集到1个高效降解BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)的嗜盐菌群,分析了菌群在甲苯降解过程中的群落结构变化.结果表明,该菌群在5%盐度下可完全降解200mg/L甲苯.PCR-DGGE图谱显示,随着甲苯的加入,该菌群的优势种属由Bacillus sp.和Bacillus aquimaris转变为Thalassospira xiamenensis、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Virgibacillus sp.和Bacillus sp..这4种微生物在整个降解过程中稳定存在,且在降解完成后24h内没有衰亡的迹象.另外,该菌群可以降解菲,显示了降解多种芳香族化合物的能力.     

AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND HEAVY METALS IN MISSOURI'S NEW LEAD BELT1

The New Lead. Belt of southeastern Missouri has recently become the largest lead producing region of the world. The impact of this rapid development on the previously rural and undeveloped region of the Missouri Ozarks is the subject of a continuing interdisciplinary study. Since the industrial development began, there have been a number of nuisance biological blooms in several of the small streams receiving effluent from the mines and mills. The major constituents of the problem algal growths were identified and found to include: Cladophora, Oscillatoria, Mougeotia, Zygnema, Spirogyra, Cymbella, and a variety of other stalked and non-stalked diatoms. Secondary blooms of Sphaerotilus were observed to reach problem proportions in some streams, particularly in the autumn. Finely ground rock flour and mineral particles escaping from tailings dams were found to be trapped by the stream vegetation. Concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and manganese in the algal and bacterial mats were found to be inversely related to distance downstream from the tailings dams. Consumer organisms, including crayfish, snails, aquatic insects, tadpoles, minnows and larger sunfish were analyzed to determine the extent of dissemination and concentration of the heavy metals through food chains. Preliminary results indicated insignificant concentrations of heavy metals in those consumer organisms studied, though in at least one problem stream the normal consumer organisms mentioned were markedly reduced in numbers.     

当代河流系统研究中稳定性同位素的应用

对天然存在的稳定碳、氮同位素在河流系统中的有机物质（POM和DOM）来源、转换、运移规律、与沿岸生态系统的关系、河口区不同来源颗粒有机质的混合过程、河流系统中富营养的污染来源和土壤中的微生物过程、系统中的营养行为和食物来源途径以及河流有机物质在陆架上的分配、积累和运移规律的应用研究作了较为系统的论述。     

利用高效复合菌净化城市微污染水的静态试验研究

EM经三种培养基富集培养后，用其培养液对微污染水进行净化处理。结果表明：三种培养液在曝气或静置的运行条件下，对微污染水中的COD和氨氮有稳定良好的去除效果，其去除率分别为50％和85％；对磷酸盐的去除随运行条件的不同而不同，曝气条件下比静置条件要好，其去除率也都在60％以上。试验证明：EM培养液对微污染水有良好的净化能力。