青岛市大气颗粒物来源的定量解析——化学质量平衡方法

在青岛采集了夏、冬两季的飘尘样品。用10μm入口切割和两级核孔膜滤膜,实现了飘尘粗、细颗粒的分极采样。分别用扫描电镜-X射线能谱分析技术和多元素化学分析数据的因子分析方法,定性识别排放源。用化学质量平衡方法定量解析源贡献:土壤扬尘和燃煤飞灰,硫酸盐二次颗粒物,以及海盐颗粒是3种主要来源;汽车尾气和2种工业排放的贡献较小。根据定量解析的结果,论述源排放的粒径分布和季节变化的特点。      

重铬酸盐法测定化学需氧量(CODcr)的不确定度评定

介绍滴定法测定水中CODcr的不确定度分析。用因果图分析了测量器具、标准溶液、环境条件和测量重复性等因素对测量不确定度的贡献,分析结果给出水中CODcr测量的扩展不确定度为2.2%。     

改进GC/ECD法连续测定大气中的CFCs

基于气相色谱仪 (GC)和电子捕获检测器 (ECD) ,设计了一种连续测量大气中痕量氯氟烃的自动系统。系统色谱基线稳定 ,分离效果好 ,定性、定量准确可靠 ,系统高度自动化 ,长期运行无需人值守 ,自动校正数据 ,定时进行严格的质量控制 ;系统具有较高的现场测量频率 (6次 /h) ,改进的反吹 /外切设计使CFCs色谱峰不再受氧峰的干扰 ,大大延长了检测器的寿命 ,使长期连续观测成为可能。系统设计在分离效果方面优于世界气象组织 (WMO)全球大气监测网 (GAW )目前所使用的测量大气本底CFCs的方法 ,采用美国EPA认可的标气 ,外标工作曲线法测定大气CFCs的浓度 ,最低检测限可达1pL/L ,检测精密度小于 1 % ,准确度在± 3%之内 ,可用于我国本底大气观测站对CFCs的连续测定     

水解(酸化)-生物滤池处理城市污水过程中氮转化与平衡

厌氧 (水解 ) 生物滤池是一种利用附着在塑料模块填料上的微生物系统对城镇污水中的污染物质进行降解处理的环保技术。当厌氧水解池停留时间为 5 9h ,水量为 6 6m3 /d ,生物滤池水力负荷为 13 2m3 /m2 ·d时 ,CODCr去除率达80 % ,BOD5去除率达 87% ,SS去除率达 90 %。氨化作用、氮同化作用及滤池的硝化作用是氮的主要转化形式。对水解过程和滤池过程的氮转化和平衡进行了估算 ,按运行 1d计算 ,进水TN 5 17 4g ,水解出水带走的TN 4 36 3g ,水解过程同化利用的氮为 34 0g ,经污泥排出的可滤性TN为 1 0g ,反硝化变为气体的氮为 1 3g ,剩余 4 4 6g氮经其他途径转化 ;滤池出水带出的TN 396 7g ,同化利用的氮为 2 6 8g ,剩余 12 8g氮经其他途径迁移转化。     

Investigation of three system shut-down strategies alongside optimization suggestion for proton exchange membrane fuel cells via in-situ measurements

ABSTRACT

Carbon corrosion caused by H₂/O₂ interface during the shut-down process is one of the factors that exacerbate the overall degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) in automotive applications. Numerous studies have shown that system strategies are beneficial for reducing the duration of H₂/O₂ interface and alleviating performance degradation. In this paper, three different shut-down strategies are investigated and compared based on the internal behaviors acquired by in-situ measurements. For the three shut-down strategies, reverse current and high potential are mainly observed in a lower constant current and constant power strategy. Comparatively speaking, the internal uniformity of the cell under constant current and power load is better than that with constant voltage strategy when the shut-down time is about the same. The results suggest that adopting a higher constant power load followed by a larger voltage load during the shut-down process can effectively shorten the shut-down time and relieve carbon corrosion. These results add significant new insights into the shut-down process and will be of practical importance in directing design of combined shut-down strategy that can withstand carbon corrosion.     

特殊环境中气载放射性物质的监测研究

本文对特殊环境下气载放射性物质中β放射性气体以及β放射性气溶胶做以实验,并根据后期的实验结果进行分析,详细探讨两者的测量结果,希望能为相关人士提供有效参考。     

基于未确知测度理论的矿工不安全行为风险评估

导致煤矿工人不安全行为的原因具有复杂性和模糊性,单靠传统数理方法难以解决,而运用未确知测度理论可以有效解决涉及人的不确定性问题。基于此现状,以顾桥煤矿和陈家山煤矿为研究对象,运用改进的层次分析法和熵权法,确定主客观相结合的影响因子权重,结合未确知测度理论,构建矿工不安全行为风险性指标评价体系,对矿工不安全行为进行影响因素分析及风险评价。结果表明,该研究模型的评价结果符合实际情况,评价方法合理有效,对提出减少不安全行为的相应对策有着具体指导意义。     

我国煤矿安全文化建设现状研究——来自60家煤矿的证据*

为更好地开展煤矿安全文化建设工作,采用安全文化在线分析系统对我国60家煤矿企业的安全文化建设水平进行分析;利用SPSS 22.0软件分析不同人员类别、性别、工龄、文化程度对安全文化得分的影响;对煤矿安全文化建设中部分得分较低的安全文化元素给出整改建议。结果表明:得分低于60分的元素是安全业绩对待方式、总体安全期望;安全文化得分与人员类别、工龄、文化程度显著相关,与性别无显著相关性;煤矿企业应进行针对性培训,并设计和建设合理的安全理念条目、良好的安全理念载体及完善的安全文化培训体系。     

The characterization of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 during a winter period in Xi'an,China

The characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) during a winter period in a suburb of Xi'an, China, were investigated. Our results show that the total mass concentration of the dominant WSIIs (8) was 91.27 µg m^–3, accounting for 50.1% of the total mass concentration of PM_2.5 (particulates with a size of 2.5 µm or less). Secondary inorganic aerosols (SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺) were the most abundant ions, accounting for up to 95.12% of the total ions. By using the anion and cation equivalence ratio method, PM_2.5 was shown to have weak alkalinity, and the chemical forms of WSIIs were mainly (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃. The sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) suggested that larger proportions of SO₄^2? and NO₃^? were formed by gas-phase SO₂ and NO₂ in the sampling site. Ratio analysis also indicated that anthropogenic sources significantly contributed to WSII pollution. Among the anthropogenic sources, fixed pollution sources were found to be dominant over mobile sources.     

Rheological and sensory properties of hydrophilic skin protection gels based on polyacrylates

Introduction. With the current increases in occupational skin diseases, literature data attesting the decreasing efficiency of barrier creams with respect to the manufacturer’s declarations and legal regulations granting skin protection gels for employees, research is required to analyse and evaluate the recipes used for hydrophilic skin protection gels based on polyacrylates. Methods. This study investigated the rheological properties, pH and sensory perception of hydrophilic barrier gels based on polyacrylates. Results. The acrylic acid derivatives used were good thickeners, and helped to form transparent gels of adequate durability. They could be used to create hydrophilic films on the surface of the skin to protect it against hydrophobic substances. A correlation was shown between the results of the rheological properties and the barrier properties of the gels. This confirms the possibility of monitoring the quality of the gels at the stage of recipe development. Conclusions. Polyacrylates are viable for use in industry to produce hydrophilic barrier creams suitable for skin protection.