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961.
Landfill leachates usually need to be treated before discharged, and using soil-plant systems for this has gained substantial interest in Sweden and in the UK. A three-year field study was conducted in central Sweden to quantify plant response, treatment efficiency and impact on groundwater quality of landfill leachate irrigation of short-rotation willow coppice (Salix). Two willow varieties were tested and four irrigation regimes in sixteen 400-m2 plots. The willow plants did not react negatively, despite very high annual loads of nitrogen (≤2160 kg N/ha), chloride (≤8600 kg Cl/ha) and other elements. Mean annual growth was 1.5, 9.8 and 12.6 tonnes DM/ha during years 1-3. For one of two willow varieties tested, relative leaf length accurately predicted growth rate. Irrigation resulted in elevated groundwater concentrations of all elements applied. Treatment efficiency varied considerably for different elements, but was adequate when moderate loads were applied. 相似文献
962.
Estimation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Effluent from the Striped Catfish Farming Sector in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study an attempt is made to estimate nitrogen and phosphorus discharged to the environment from the striped catfish
(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) farming sector in the Mekong Delta (8°33′–10°55′N, 104°30′–106°50′E), South Vietnam. The sector accounted for 687,000 t
production in 2007 and 1,094,879 t in 2008, with over 95% of the produce destined for export to over 100 countries. Commercial
and farm-made feeds are used in catfish farming, currently the former being more predominant. Nitrogen discharge levels were
similar for commercial feeds (median 46.0 kg/t fish) and farm-made feeds (median 46.8 kg/t fish); whilst, phosphorus discharge
levels for commercial feeds (median 14.4 kg/t fish) were considerably lower than for farm-made feeds (median 18.4 kg/t fish).
Based on the median nutrient discharge levels for commercial feeds, striped catfish production in the Mekong Delta discharged
31,602 t N and 9,893 t P, and 50,364 t N and 15,766 t P in 2007 and 2008, respectively. However, the amount of nutrients returned
directly to the Mekong River may be substantially less than this as a significant proportion of the water used for catfish
farming as well as the sludge is diverted to other agricultural farming systems. Striped catfish farming in the Mekong Delta
compared favourably with other cultured species, irrespective of the type of feed used, when the total amounts of N and P
discharged in the production of a tonne of production was estimated. 相似文献
963.
A.M. Thompson T. Wilson J.M. Norman A.L. Gemechu A. Roa‐Espinosa 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(6):1548-1563
Abstract: The summertime heating of runoff in urban areas is recognized as a common and consistent urban climatological phenomenon. In this study, a simple thermal urban runoff model (TURM) is presented for the net energy flux at the impervious surfaces of urban areas to account for the heat transferred to runoff. The first step in developing TURM consists of calculating the various factors that control how urban impervious areas absorb heat and transfer it to moving water on the surface. The runoff temperature is determined based on the interactions of the physical characteristics of the impervious areas, the weather, and the heat transfer between the moving film of runoff and the impervious surface common in urban areas. Key surface and weather factors that affect runoff temperature predictions are type of impervious surface, air temperature, humidity, solar radiation before and during rain, rainfall intensity, and rainfall temperature. Runoff from pervious areas is considered separately and estimated using the Green‐Ampt Mein‐Larson rainfall excess method. Pervious runoff temperature is estimated as the rainfall temperature. Field measurements indicate that wet bulb temperature can be used as a surrogate for rainfall temperature and that runoff temperatures from sod average just 2°C higher than rainfall temperatures. Differences between measured and predicted impervious runoff temperature average approximately 2°C, indicating that TURM is a useful tool for determining runoff temperatures for typical urban areas. 相似文献
964.
The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit. 相似文献
965.
自然资源资产负债表概念是中国的一项重要理论和制度创新,但其研究还存在一些问题和争议,如对自然资源资产负债表中资源类别未能达成共识,对资产、负债和权益的界定不清晰,价值核算还不准确等。此外,其编制工作也进展缓慢。本文认为,自然资源资产负债表基础理论和方法都尚不成熟,需要重新诠释概念,并引入新的核算方法,使其中的资产、负债和权益概念更加清晰,数量核算和价值核算方法更加科学。可以另辟蹊径,借鉴生态足迹的思想,从三方面做出改进:第一,将资源类别界定为耕地、林地、草地、湿地、水域、能源矿产和非能源矿产七类,以避免重复核算问题。第二,进一步明确土地和矿产两类资源的资产、负债和权益的含义,可以引入生态足迹方法,用土地生态足迹、生态承载力和生态赤字分别衡量土地资产、土地权益和土地(过载)负债,使得土地过载负债的核算成为可能,且在土地权益核算时能够同时考虑土地面积和质量;可以用已消耗的矿产资源衡量环境负债,以避免环境负债价值的系统性偏误问题。第三,可以将生态足迹方法与生态系统服务价值评估方法结合起来,以估算土地的资产、权益和负债价值,以避免土地价值估算的系统性偏误问题;可以用改进的市场价格法核算矿产或环境的三种价值,避免环境负债价值核算的随意性。引入生态足迹方法可以使自然资源资产负债表中的资产、负债和权益概念更加清晰易懂,并使得资源的数量核算和价值核算方法更加科学,结果更加可信。 相似文献
966.
Po-210 and Pb-210 as atmospheric tracers and global atmospheric Pb-210 fallout: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Baskaran M 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(5):500-513
Over the past ∼5 decades, the distribution of 222Rn and its progenies (mainly 210Pb, 210Bi and 210Po) have provided a wealth of information as tracers to quantify several atmospheric processes that include: i) source tracking and transport time scales of air masses; ii) the stability and vertical movement of air masses iii) removal rate constants and residence times of aerosols; iv) chemical behavior of analog species; and v) washout ratios and deposition velocities of aerosols. Most of these applications require that the sources and sink terms of these nuclides are well characterized.Utility of 210Pb, 210Bi and 210Po as atmospheric tracers requires that data on the 222Rn emanation rates is well documented. Due to low concentrations of 226Ra in surface waters, the 222Rn emanation rates from the continent is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of the ocean. This has led to distinctly higher 210Pb concentrations in continental air masses compared to oceanic air masses. The highly varying concentrations of 210Pb in air as well the depositional fluxes have yielded insight on the sources and transit times of aerosols. In an ideal enclosed air mass (closed system with respect to these nuclides), the residence times of aerosols obtained from the activity ratios of 210Pb/222Rn, 210Bi/210Pb, and 210Po/210Pb are expected to agree with each other, but a large number of studies have indicated discordance between the residence times obtained from these three pairs. Recent results from the distribution of these nuclides in size-fractionated aerosols appear to yield consistent residence time in smaller-size aerosols, possibly suggesting that larger size aerosols are derived from resuspended dust. The residence times calculated from the 210Pb/222Rn, 210Bi/210Pb, and 210Po/210Pb activity ratios published from 1970’s are compared to those data obtained in size-fractionated aerosols in this decade and possible reasons for the discordance is discussed with some key recommendations for future studies.The existing global atmospheric inventory data of 210Pb is re-evaluated and a ‘global curve’ for the depositional fluxes of 210Pb is established. A current global budget for atmospheric 210Po and 210Pb is also established. The relative importance of dry fallout of 210Po and 210Pb at different latitudes is evaluated. The global values for the deposition velocities of aerosols using 210Po and 210Pb are synthesized. 相似文献
967.
江苏省水资源短缺风险的相似云评价方法研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为有效的监测和评估水资源短缺风险的程度,实现水资源可持续开采和利用,提出水资源短缺风险的相似云综合评价模型。针对水资源短缺风险的影响因素同时具有模糊和随机性问题,建立基于熵权和相似云方法的综合评估模型。借鉴现有理论的基础上,综合考虑风险率、脆弱性、可恢复性等5个评价指标,采用熵权法确定各个指标的权重,利用正态云模型定量描述单指标条件下待评价城市水资源的短缺风险等级。给出一种新的计算正态云模型相似度方法——基于组合模糊贴近度的正态云相似度度量方法,通过比较待评价城市与风险等级之间的熵权正态云相似度值的大小,构建基于熵权相似云的水资源短缺风险评价模型。江苏省三大流域的实例表明,该方法简单可行,结果相对客观合理,能够克服现有方法的一些缺点。 相似文献
968.
Nobuo Yasuda Brent C. Ruby 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2019,25(1):27-34
The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of urinary protein excretion induced by 3 consecutive days of wildland firefighting. Eighteen male active-duty military personnel served as the participants. All testing on the 3 consecutive days was conducted at a Northwestern USA fire camp. All participants consumed military-based foods containing 2620–2864?kcal/day. The work activity was evaluated with an accelerometer in association with body weight and hydration markers over the experimental period. Urinary samples were collected pre and post workshift on days 1 and 3 to assess glomerular and tubular protein excretion (total protein, albumin, β2-microglobulin, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and creatinine). The urinary levels of glomerular and tubular protein were not significantly different. The main findings of the present study indicate that similar alterations of urinary protein composition can be observed over consecutive days of wildland firefighting, which appears to be dependent on intensity rather than total work output. 相似文献
969.
Ping Zhu Shuangshuang Gong Mingqiang Deng Bin Xia Yazheng Yang Jiakang Tang Guangren Qian Fang Yu Ashantha Goonetilleke Xiaowei Li 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2023,17(3):38
970.
A series of dust explosion were conducted to compare the flame structure between nano and micron aluminium dusts. Two-color pyrometer technique is applied to have qualitative observation of flame development. Measurement of temperature indicates that explosion in micron aluminium dust clouds start in a single spot at 3000 K, in contrast, explosion in nano aluminium dust clouds start when hot powder accumulated to a certain amount at lower temperature of 2600 K. For micron aluminium dust clouds, flame at leading edge has the highest temperature and propagates in all directions. On the other hand, flame in nano aluminium dust clouds propagate only upward with the hottest part left behind at the downside. As flame propagates, the temperature at top edge gradually decreases from 2600 K to finally 2000 K, but temperature at bottom edge maintains in 3000 K with no significant displacement. The unevenness of flame structure is considered as the consequence of different particle densities, which suggests that the reaction of nano aluminium particles stays in molten state, meanwhile, the high surface area also leads to unignorable heat loss. 相似文献