Vertical distribution of organochlorine pesticides in humus along Alpine altitudinal profiles in relation to ambiental parameters

In forest soils along vertical profiles located in different parts of the Alps, concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin and mirex, were measured. Though local characteristics of the sites are influenced by numerous factors like orographic and meteorological parameters, forest stand characteristics and humus parameters, we ascertained a marked vertical increase of concentrations of some organochlorine compounds in the soil. On the basis of climatological values of each site, we found that the contamination increase with altitude can be ascribed to a certain ‘cold condensation effect’. In addition, the perennial atmospheric deposition of POPs is controlled by precipitation. Other key parameters explaining the accumulation of POPs are the soil organic carbon stocks, the turnover times, the re-volatilisation and degradation processes, which vary with altitude.     

Diffusive gradient in thin FILMS (DGT) compared with soil solution and labile uranium fraction for predicting uranium bioavailability to ryegrass

The usefulness of uranium concentration in soil solution or recovered by selective extraction as unequivocal bioavailability indices for uranium uptake by plants is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to test if the uranium concentration measured by the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique is a relevant substitute for plant uranium availability in comparison to uranium concentration in the soil solution or uranium recovered by ammonium acetate. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var. Melvina) is grown in greenhouse on a range of uranium spiked soils. The DGT-recovered uranium concentration (C_DGT) was correlated with uranium concentration in the soil solution or with uranium recovered by ammonium acetate extraction. Plant uptake was better predicted by the summed soil solution concentrations of UO₂²⁺, uranyl carbonate complexes and UO₂PO₄⁻. The DGT technique did not provide significant advantages over conventional methods to predict uranium uptake by plants.     

不同光强下生长的厚叶木莲（Magnolietia pachyphylla）光合作用光响应的变化

生长在全光照的厚叶木莲幼树,叶片的表观光合量子产率（αA/molmol-1）为0．0246±0．0023,而生长在40%日光照和20%日光照的植株,αA分别为0．0266±0．0031和0．0165±0．0042．生长在40%日光照的植株叶片光能转换效率（α/molmol-1）为0．2581±0．0019,分别较全日光照和20%日光照高26．3%和33．2%．结果表明,40%日光照有利于厚叶木莲叶片的光能利用和增高光能转换效率．生长在20%日光照的植株,δ较低．生长在40%日光照的厚叶木莲较生长在全日光照和20%日光照的有较高的Γ*和Rd．表明厚叶木莲生长在40%日光照下能促进光下线粒体呼吸．而生长在20%日光照的则有较低的Rd．生长在40%日光照的厚叶木莲较生长在全日光照和20%日光照下的有较高的Vcmax和Jmax．不同光强下生长的厚叶木莲有不同的Jmax和Vcmax比值,光强的变化可能改变Vcmax和Jmax的平衡．40%日光照有利于增高Jmax．在较高光强的全日光照下生长和在较低光强的20%日光照下生长的植株,气孔对空气CO2浓度和相对湿度变化的敏感度较生长在40%日光照的高．生长光强改变气孔对一些环境因子的敏感度．结果表明,40%日光照的环境可能最适应于厚叶木莲异地迁移种植．图2表5参15     

Optimal power flow model incorporating wind,solar, and bundled solar-thermal power in the restructured Indian power system

A new optimal power flow model for wind, solar, and solar-thermal bundled power scheduling and dispatch is proposed, incorporating the deviation incentive/penalty charges for renewable energy introduced in India. The multiobjective function is solved using the flower pollination algorithm; the scheme is successfully tested on the IEEE 30-bus and Indian utility 30-bus systems. The forecasting error constraints introduced in renewable energy scheduling and dispatch are demonstrated to be beneficial in several aspects. Solar-thermal bundling is shown to create win-win situations for thermal and solar generators. The effectiveness of the flower pollination algorithm in solving optimal power flow models is proved.     

Application of an early warning indicator and CaO to maximize the time–space-yield of an completely mixed waste digester using rape seed oil as co-substrate

In order to increase the organic loading rate (OLR) and hereby the performance of biogas plants an early warning indicator (EWI-VFA/Ca) was applied in a laboratory-scale biogas digester to control process stability and to steer additive dosing. As soon as the EWI-VFA/Ca indicated the change from stable to instable process conditions, calcium oxide was charged as a countermeasure to raise the pH and to bind long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) by formation of aggregates. An interval of eight days between two increases of the OLR, which corresponded to 38% of the hydraulic residence time (HRT), was sufficient for process adaptation. An OLR increase by a factor of three within six weeks was successfully used for biogas production. The OLR was increased to 9.5 kg volatile solids (VS) m^?3 d^?1 with up to 87% of fat. The high loading rates affected neither the microbial community negatively nor the biogas production process. Despite the increase of the organic load to high rates, methane production yielded almost its optimum, amounting to 0.9 m³ (kg VS)^?1. Beneath several uncharacterized members of the phylum Firmicutes mostly belonging to the family Clostridiaceae, a Syntrophomonas-like organism was identified that is known to live in a syntrophic relationship to methanogenic archaea. Within the methanogenic group, microorganisms affiliated to Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus and Methanobacterium dominated the community.     

低压直流电电解剩余活性污泥

采用低压直流电电解剩余活性污泥,优化了支持电解质的种类、加入量及电压梯度等工艺条件,并考察了在最佳工艺条件下SS去除率、污泥中有机物的质量分数（以VSS/SS计）、污泥pH及污泥沉降性能随电解时间的变化情况。实验结果表明,低压直流电电解污泥的最佳工艺条件为：电压梯度7 V/cm;支持电解质Na₂SO₄加入量0.4.0 mmol/g（以每克干污泥计）。在最佳工艺条件下电解pH为5.8、SS=（7 850 ±200）mg/L、VSS=（6 150±150）mg/L、溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）为（61.2 ±20）mg/L的污泥,电解60 min时污泥的SCOD最大,达393.3 mg/L,SS去除率达14.4%,VSS/SS为58.5%,污泥pH为3.1。电解后污泥中微生物的细胞结构已不完整,污泥絮体被严重破坏。电解时间越长,污泥的沉降速率越快。     

Contamination and source differentiation of Pb in park soils along an urban-rural gradient in Shanghai

Urban soil Pb contamination is a great human health risk. Lead distribution and source in topsoils from 14 parks in Shanghai, China were investigated along an urban-rural gradient. Topsoils were contaminated averagely with 65 mg Pb kg⁻¹, 2.5 times higher than local soil background concentrations. HCl-extracts contained more anthropogenic Pb signatures than total sample digests as revealed by the higher ^207/206Pb and ^208/206Pb ratios in extracts (0.8613 ± 0.0094 and 2.1085 ± 0.0121 versus total digests 0.8575 ± 0.0098 and 2.0959 ± 0.0116). This suggests a higher sensitivity of HCl-extraction than total digestion in identifying anthropogenic Pb sources. Coal combustion emission was identified as the major anthropogenic Pb source (averagely 47%) while leaded gasoline emission contributed 12% overall. Urbanization effects were observed by total Pb content and anthropogenic Pb contribution. This study suggests that to reduce Pb contamination, Shanghai might have to change its energy composition to clean energy.     

复合垂直流人工湿地污染物去除及微生物群落结构的PCR-DGGE分析

采用复合垂直流人工湿地净化富营养化景观水,考察了湿地系统中ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(TN),ρ(NH₄+-N),ρ(TP)和ρ(DO)以及pH的沿程变化,并采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了湿地系统中微生物群落结构垂直分布及组成的多样性. 结果表明:从下行池到上行池,ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(TN),ρ(NH₄+-N),ρ(TP),ρ(DO)和pH沿水流方向逐渐下降,上行池末端出水ρ(DO)略有回升,污染物的去除主要发生在下行池;由于湿地系统中环境条件和营养水平的变化,在湿地系统的不同位置微生物种群存在共同种属和各自的特异种属;下行池表层微生物多样性指数最高,上行池各样品间的相似性较好. 从下行池到上行池,微生物群落的多样性降低,群落结构间的相似性逐渐增大. 植物供氧、残体累积以及根际效应有助于提高湿地表层微生物的多样性.      

水深梯度对黑藻生长的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,将黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)顶枝种植在水下0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0 m处塑料盆内,研究水深对黑藻生长的影响。结果表明,水深能够明显影响黑藻的存活,当水深>2.5 m时,由于光照不足,黑藻生长受到了明显抑制,水深3.0、3.5、4.0 m处黑藻分别于试验第57、33、21天死亡。水深改变了黑藻植株形态。水深对黑藻株高的影响极显著(P<0.01)。试验80 d时,不同水深处黑藻的茎节数、节间距、分枝数均差异显著(P<0.05)。试验80 d时,水深0.5～2.0 m处,黑藻株高和茎节数随水深增加而逐渐增加,当水深>2.0 m时,随水深增加开始减少。试验80 d时,水深0.5～2.5 m处,黑藻节间距随水深增加而不断延长。同一生长时间黑藻分枝数随水深增加而递减。各水深梯度处黑藻生物量呈先升高后降低的趋势,水深0.5～1.5 m处黑藻生物量随深度增加呈上升趋势,水深1.5 m处生物量最大,水深2.0、2.5 m处生物量迅速降低,不同水深梯度间黑藻生物量差异极显著(P<0.01)。该试验条件下,黑藻的光补偿水深在水体平均透明度(1.0 m)...     

A Comparison of Single and Multiple Habitat Protocols for Collecting Macroinvertebrates in Wadeable Streams1

Abstract: In 2003, we compared two benthic macroinvertebrate sampling methods that are used for rapid biological assessment of wadeable streams. A single habitat method using kick sampling in riffles and runs was compared to a multiple habitat method that sampled all available habitats in proportion of occurrence. Both methods were performed side‐by‐side at 41 sites in lower gradient streams of the Piedmont and Northern Piedmont ecoregions of the United States, where riffle habitat is less abundant. Differences in sampling methods were examined using similarity indices, two multimetric indices [the family‐level Virginia Stream Condition Index (VSCI) and the species‐level Macroinvertebrate Biotic Integrity Index (MBII)], their component metrics, and bioassessment endpoints based on each index. Index scores were highly correlated between single and multiple habitat field methods, and sampling method comparability, based on comparison of similarities between and within sampling methods, was particularly high for species level data. The VSCI scores and values of most of its component metrics were not significantly higher for one particular method, but relationships between single and multiple habitat values were highly variable for percent Ephemeroptera, percent chironomids, and percent Plecoptera and Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae excluded). A similar level of variability in the relationship was observed for the MBII and most of its metrics, but Ephemeroptera richness, percent individuals in the dominant five taxa, and Hilsenhoff Biotic Index scores all exhibited differences in values between single and multiple habitat field methods. When applied to multiple habitat samples, the MBII exhibited greater precision, higher index scores, and higher assessment categories than when applied to single habitat samples at the same sites. In streams with limited or no riffle habitats, the multiple habitat method should provide an adequate sample for biological assessment, and at sites with abundant riffle habitat, little difference would be expected between the single and multiple habitat field methods. Thus, in geographic areas with a wide variety of stream types, the multiple habitat method may be more desirable. Even so, the variability in the relationship between single and multiple habitat methods indicates that the data are not interchangeable, and we suggest that any change in sampling method should be accompanied by a recalibration of any existing assessment tool (e.g., multimetric index) with data collected using the new method, regardless of taxonomic level.