Preparation and characterization of boron-doped corn straw biochar: Fe (Ⅱ) removal equilibrium and kinetics

Nowadays, iron ions as a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant are gradually concerned and the convenient and quick removal of excessive iron ions in groundwater has become a major challenge for the safety of drinking water. In this study, boron-doped biochar (B-BC) was successfully prepared at various preparation conditions with the addition of boric acid. The as-prepared material has a more developed pore structure and a larger specific surface area (up to 897.97 m²/g). A series of characterization results shows that boric acid effectively activates biochar, and boron atoms are successfully doped on biochar. Compared with the ratio of raw materials, the pyrolysis temperature has a greater influence on the amount of boron doping. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of 800B-BC_1:2 at 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C are 50.02 mg/g, 95.09 mg/g, 132.78 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model can better describe the adsorption process, the adsorption process is mainly chemical adsorption. Chemical complexation, ions exchange, and co-precipitation may be the main mechanisms for Fe²⁺ removal.     

沈阳市冬季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源解析

为研究沈阳市冬季PM_2.5和水溶性离子的污染特征,使用URG-9000D在线监测系统于2018年冬季对大气颗粒物和气体组分进行连续采样.结果表明,采样期间沈阳市PM_2.5的平均质量浓度为80.67 μg·m^-3,总水溶性离子质量浓度变化范围为2.68~132.79 μg·m^-3.与清洁天相比,污染天NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺（SNA）占比明显增加,占到PM_2.5的43.7%.静稳天气时SO₂短时间内的迅速累积使得沈阳市冬季大气PM_2.5有暴发性增长现象.Pearson相关性分析可知,SNA、Cl^-与PM_2.5之间的相关系数均达0.78以上,表明沈阳市冬季PM_2.5的主要贡献组分为SNA和Cl^-.PMF源解析表明沈阳市冬季污染物来源主要包括二次反应源、燃煤和生物质燃烧源以及扬尘源.     

光照下铜离子对水中氢氧自由基生成量的影响

研究了水溶液中铜离子与抗坏血酸、柠檬酸盐及藻等配合体系在高压汞灯光照下产生氢氧自由基的情况,其中铜与抗坏血酸系统反应最强,高压汞灯光照增强了铜与抗坏血酸反应产生氢氧自由基的过程,高压汞灯光照时所产生的自由基量为不光照时的6～7倍。同时铜(或抗坏血酸)单一的水溶液在光照条件下也能产生氢氧自由基。铜离子与柠檬酸钠溶液混合在光照下能产生氢氧自由基;铜离子与藻液混合能加倍藻液中氢氧自由基的产生。     

Improving protected area effectiveness through consideration of different human-pressure baselines

Previous assessments of the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) focused primarily on changes in human pressure over time and did not consider the different human-pressure baselines of PAs, thereby potentially over- or underestimating PA effectiveness. We developed a framework that considers both human-pressure baseline and change in human pressure over time and assessed the effectiveness of 338 PAs in China from 2010 to 2020. The initial state of human pressure on PAs was taken as the baseline, and changes in human pressure index (HPI) were further analyzed under different baselines. We used the random forest models to identify the management measures that most improved effectiveness in resisting human pressure for the PAs with different baselines. Finally, the relationships between the changes in the HPI and the changes in natural ecosystems in PAs were analyzed with different baselines. Of PAs with low HPI baselines, medium HPI baselines, and high HPI baselines, 76.92% (n=150), 11.11% (n=12), and 22.86% (n=8) , respectively, showed positive effects in resisting human pressure. Overall, ignoring human-pressure baselines somewhat underestimated the positive effects of PAs, especially for those with low initial human pressure. For PAs with different initial human pressures, different management measures should be taken to improve effectiveness and reduce threats to natural ecosystems. We believe our framework is useful for assessing the effectiveness of PAs globally, and we recommend it be included in the Convention on Biological Diversity Post-2020 Strategy.     

卡尔曼滤波-分光光度法同时测定长江、嘉陵江地表水中微量铜、镉、锌和铅

以2-(5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二乙氨基酚为螯合剂,三氯甲烷为萃取剂,采用卡尔曼滤波和分光光度法同时分析长江和嘉陵江现场采集的地表水样中Cu~(2 ),Cd~(2 ),Zn~(2 )和Pb~(2 )的浓度.4种金属离子的实验室回收率在91.0%-113.1%之间;比较长江、嘉陵江国控点例行监测数据,本方法具有较好的可比性和可靠性,能直接应用于江河水样多种金属污染物的同时定量分析.     

粉煤灰合成NaA型沸石对重金属离子的吸附动力学

以粉煤灰为原料,采用两步法合成了单一沸石矿物种的NaA型沸石,对合成产物的结构和性能进行了表征.通过静态吸附实验,研究了NaA型沸石对水溶液中Cu(ΙΙ)、Cr(Ⅵ)和Zn(ΙΙ)离子的吸附特性,从动力学角度探讨了吸附机理.结果表明,在所研究的浓度和pH值条件下,NaA型沸石对3种重金属的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,静态饱和吸附量(Qm)分别为82.30,65.96,47.78mg/g;3种金属离子在水溶液中的存在方式和大小是影响它们吸附行为的主要因素,通过动边界模型推算表明:NaA型沸石对Cu(ΙΙ)和Zn(ΙΙ)离子的吸附过程的速度控制步骤为液膜扩散,对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附过程的速度控制步骤为颗粒扩散,3种金属离子的吸附过程符合伪二级方程.     

Element Removal in Harvested Tree Biomass: Scenarios for Critical Loads in Wallonia,South Belgium

The critical load concept is nowwidely used as a tool for developing emissioncontrol policies in Europe. As a signatorycountry of the Convention of Long-RangeTransboundary Air Pollution, critical loads foracidity, nutrient nitrogen, nitrogen and sulphurhave been calculated for the Flemish and Walloonregions in Belgium. This paper describes themethodology used for estimating critical loadsfor forest soils in the Walloon region accordingto the Steady-State Mass Balance equations. As anexample the methodology was applied to thecatchment `Waroneu', situated in a sensitive areaof the Haute Ardenne. Main input parameters tothe equations were derived from precipitation andrunoff data of the catchment study. Improvedestimates of nitrogen uptake (Nu) and base cationuptake (BCu) were obtained by intensive samplingof Picea abies and Quercus roburtrees. Nutrient contents (Ca, Mg, K, N) andnutrient to nitrogen ratios of Picea abiesreflected the poor soil quality at a site withhigh N deposition. Quercus robur nutrientcontents increased from stem to higher orderbranches with a high proportion of nutrientslocated in the bark. However the simulation ofstem only harvesting had a minor effect oncritical loads. Measured wood densities werelower than reported literature values with a maineffect on Nu and BCu estimates. The use ofrecommended default values and/or data derivedfrom the experimental site resulted in a widerange of critical loads, some of which werelargely overestimated. Results demonstrated theimportance of site specific data for criticalload calculations.     

A Global Baseline for Spawning Aggregations of Reef Fishes

Abstract: Species that periodically and predictably congregate on land or in the sea can be extremely vulnerable to overexploitation. Many coral reef fishes form spawning aggregations that are increasingly the target of fishing. Although serious declines are well known for a few species, the extent of this behavior among fishes and the impacts of aggregation fishing are not appreciated widely. To profile aggregating species globally, establish a baseline for future work, and strengthen the case for protection, we (as members of the Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations) developed a global database on the occurrence, history, and management of spawning aggregations. We complemented the database with information from interviews with over 300 fishers in Asia and the western Pacific. Sixty‐seven species, mainly commercial, in 9 families aggregate to spawn in the 29 countries or territories considered in the database. Ninety percent of aggregation records were from reef pass channels, promontories, and outer reef‐slope drop‐offs. Multispecies aggregation sites were common, and spawning seasons of most species typically lasted <3 months. The best‐documented species in the database, the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), has undergone substantial declines in aggregations throughout its range and is now considered threatened. Our findings have important conservation and management implications for aggregating species given that exploitation pressures on them are increasing, there is little effective management, and 79% of those aggregations sufficiently well documented were reported to be in decline. Nonetheless, a few success stories demonstrate the benefits of aggregation management. A major shift in perspective on spawning aggregations of reef fish, from being seen as opportunities for exploitation to acknowledging them as important life‐history phenomena in need of management, is urgently needed.     

A model of Cellular Automata for the spatial and temporal analysis of Citrus Sudden Death with the fuzzy parameter

Citrus Sudden Death (CSD) is a disease that has affected sweet orange trees grafted on Rangpur lime in the south of Minas Gerais state and in the north of São Paulo state (Brazil). This is a worrying characteristic because the Rangpur lime responds to 85% of the Brazilian citrus rootstocks. This disease is believed to be caused by a virus transmitted by aphids (vector) of the citrus. In this work, we have adopted the Cellular Automata model (CA) to study the temporal evolution of the disease. We take into account the effect of the wind in the space covered by the aphid. To establish the relationship between the space covered by the aphid and the intensity of the wind, we have adopted the rule-based fuzzy system. Simulations were performed and compared to real data. Through the use of the mean absolute error (MAE) method, it was possible to verify a 70% of similarity between our model of data and the real one.     

针铁矿及腐残质对水体重金属离子的吸附作用

采用针铁矿、腐殖质,针铁矿－腐殖复合微粒对重合微粒对重金属离子进行了吸附－解吸实验。结果表明它们对Cu^2 ,Zn^2 有强烈的吸附作用。针铁矿对Cu^2 和Zn^2 的吸附边界pH值分别为4．3和5．8,且吸附率可达95％以上。腐殖质对Cu^2 和Zn^2 的吸附边界pH值分别为4．1和5．6,且在pH值为8时,吸附率可达96％以上。针铁矿与腐殖形成的稳定复合微粒不仅对重金属离子具有良好的吸附作用,还具有均匀性好和沉降稳定的特点,可用于土壤修复和含重金属离子的污水的处理。