推进地震保险 增强震灾经济补偿能力

摘要地震是一种对人类生存威胁极大的自然灾害,长期以来人类一直在探寻抗御地震灾害的有效途径。无疑,对地震造成的损失予以及时、充分的经济补偿,不失为一项重要的对策,其中,推进地震保险,通过社会经济杠杆原理,可以实现这种经济补偿。本文就推进地震保险的必要性、可行性及其实施方法和步骤,论述了作者的认识。作者认为,推进并普及地震保险,是目前增强社会防震减灾和实现自救、互救能力的最有效方法。但实现地震保险,需要政府的支持、社会的广泛参与和地震部门的密切配合。     

A COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE FOR FLOOD PREDICTION MODELING1

ABSTRACT: A computerized geographic information system (GIS) was created in support of data requirements by a hydrologic model designed to predict the runoff hydrograph from ungaged basins. Some geomorphologic characteristics (i.e., channel lengths) were manually measured from topographic maps, while other parameters such as drainage area and number of channels of a specified order, land use, and soil type were digitized and manipulated through use of the GIS. The model required the generation of an integrated Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number for the entire basin. To this end, soil associations and land use (generated from analysis of Landsat satellite data) were merged in the GIS to acquire a map representing SCS runoff curve numbers. The volume of runoff obtained from the Watershed Hydrology Simulation (WAHS) Model using this map was compared to the volume computed by hydrograph separation and found to be accurate within 19 percent error. To quantify the effect of changing land use on basin hydrology, the GIS was used to vary percentages from the drainage area from forest to bare soil. By changing the basin runoff curve numbers, significant changes in peak discharge were noted; however, the time to peak discharge remained essentially independent of change in area of land use. The GIS capability eliminated many of the more traditional manual phases of data input arid manipulation, thereby allowing researchers to concentrate on the development and calibration of the model and the interpretation of presumably more accurate results.     

土生拉乌尔菌TGRB3的生物学特性及其不同氧气浓度条件下的汞甲基化

从三峡库区消落带土壤中分离、纯化得到1株具有汞甲基化能力的细菌,对其形态、生理生化特征及16S rRNA基因序列进行分析后,鉴定为土生拉乌尔菌,并命名为RaouLtella terrigena TGRB3.研究发现,菌株TGRB3具有强酸碱和盐度适应能力,为中高温型菌,在pH=4～9和盐度0.2%～4.0%范围内均能正常生长,最适生长温度为25℃.在Hg~(2+)浓度为1000μg·L~(-1)时,菌株生长受到显著抑制.此外,在初始Hg~(2+)浓度为300 ng·L~(-1)的条件下探讨了该菌在不同氧气浓度(0、7%、14%和21%)下的生长情况及汞甲化能力.结果表明,该菌的生长不受氧气浓度的制约,但在有氧条件下生长更好,且在厌氧或低氧浓度条件下具有更强且稳定的汞甲基化能力.在氧气浓度为14%和21%的条件下,该菌的最大甲基汞含量分别为(0.54±0.01)和(1.62±0.08) ng·L~(-1),试验后期表现出较强的去甲基化现象,培养54 h后的甲基汞含量显著降低为(0.08±0.02)和(0.05±0.00) ng·L~(-1);而在氧气浓度为0和7%的条件下,最大甲基汞含量分别为(6.75±1.75)和(3.24±0.74) ng·L~(-1),且在试验周期内甲基汞持续产生,平均浓度分别为(3.23±1.39)和(1.66±0.71) ng·L~(-1).本试验结果可望为三峡库区消落带土壤汞生物甲基化机理的深入研究及汞污染风险评价等提供全新的试验材料.     

One-step preparation of polyimide-inlaid amine-rich porous organic block copolymer for efficient removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution

A novel polyimide-inlaid amine-rich porous organic block copolymer (PI-b-ARPOP) was prepared via one-step polymerization by using different molar ratios of melamine (MA)/terephthalaldehyde (TA)/pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), at molar ratios of 4/3/1, 4/2/2 and 4/1/3. The copolymer contained both aminal groups belonging to ARPOP and imide groups belonging to PI, and the bonding styles of the monomers and growth orientations of the polymeric chains were diversiform, forming an excellent porous structure. Notably, MA/TA/PMDA (4/2/2) had a surface area and pore volume of 487.27?m²/g and 1.169?cm³/g, respectively. The adsorption performance of the materials towards 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in ultra-pure water was systematically studied. The pH value of 7 was optimal in aqueous solution. Na⁺ and Cl^? ions did not negatively affect the adsorption process, while humic acid (HA) slightly decreased the capacity. The equilibrium time was 40 sec, and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 282.49?mg/g at 298?K. The removal process was endothermic and spontaneous, and the copolymer could maintain its porous structure and consistent performance after regeneration by treatment with alkali. Moreover, to further assess the practical applicability of the material, the adsorption performance towards 2,4-DCP in river water was also investigated. This paper demonstrated that the PI-b-ARPOP can be an efficient and practical adsorbent to remove chlorophenols from aqueous solution.     

基于剪切增稠液体的变阻尼隔振器动力学特性研究

目的研究一种具有变阻尼特性的剪切增稠液体(STF)隔振器。方法首先采用二氧化硅纳米颗粒和聚乙二醇200为工作介质合成剪切增稠液体,通过试验研究剪切增稠液体的流变特性。之后以剪切增稠液体为工作介质,设计一种活塞液压式减振增稠液体隔振器,建立隔振器的动力学模型,并通过数值仿真研究了该隔振器的减振性能;最后,研究剪切增稠液体隔振器隔振性能影响因素。结果当远离共振频率时,隔振器具有小阻尼特性;在共振区附近,由于剪切增稠效应,隔振器阻尼骤然增加,实现对共振峰的有效抑制。结论剪切增稠液隔振器可有效抑制共振峰,同时不会对高频隔振性能产生不利影响,有效解决了传统隔振器线性阻尼的固有缺点。     

控制棒驱动机构与反应堆堆顶组合模型的抗震分析

目的获得控制棒驱动机构(CRDM)和反应堆堆顶组件(RHP)在地震作用下的动力学响应。方法建立控制棒驱动机构与反应堆堆顶组件的有限元组合模型,采用ANSYS软件对模型开展三维非线性抗震分析。分析模型中分别用梁单元、杆单元和弹簧单元等模拟堆顶的各个部件,考虑控制棒驱动机构抗震支承板之间、抗震支承板与抗震支承环之间的相互碰撞作用。此外,将电缆托架和电缆桥组件的梁模型也加入到组合模型,而不是简单地将其简化为集中质量,可减小该部分质量分配不真实对抗震分析结果带来的误差。结果利用ANSYS软件时程法中的直接积分法完成了组合模型的抗震分析,提取了控制棒驱动机构和反应堆堆顶组件各部位应力评定所需的载荷。结论较为准确地模拟了抗震板之间的碰撞作用,得到了各截面的载荷,可为设备应力分析提供输入。     

漠河低温工作极值及其统计方法探讨

为提高漠河试验站低温工作极值统计的准确性,推进低温工作极值在装备低温环境适应性评估中的应用.以最低温度、平均温度、小于–35℃的天数为基准条件,分别统计了漠河不同年份的低温工作极值,研究了基准条件、统计年份、数据缺失情况对严酷月确定和工作极值的影响.基准条件、统计年份、数据缺失都会影响严酷月的确定和低温工作极值的统计,统计年份的影响比基准条件大,数据缺失影响的严重性需要看数据缺失的多少和时间段.工作极值结果至少包括数据年限、基准条件、严酷月、时间风险率、与时间风险率对应的工作极值等内容.1991—2005年,时间风险率为1％、5％、10％、20％、30％的最低温度工作极值分别为:–44.0、–40.7、–38.1、–35.6、–33.6℃.     

提高多震区建筑物抗震能力--保证地震安全的最佳选择

目前,地震预报远未成熟而达到实用化阶段.造成人员生命和财产严重损失的是建筑设施等的倒塌和破坏.为了最大限度地减轻灾害,最佳选择是要提高建筑物的抗震性.这里介绍目前得到迅速发展并在世界各地重要建筑上得到广泛应用而具有防震减灾实效的抗震技术--建筑隔震技术.     

地震时黄土震陷量的估算方法

本文利用已有的震陷试验研究资料,并补充进行了相当数量的原状黄土的震陷试验。建立了考虑物性参数、固结应力、振次和地震动应力等因素的西北黄土残余应变的经验计算公式,提出了地震作用下黄土层震陷量的估算方法.并用该方法估算了兰州、西安、西宁、等城市的7个黄土场地的震陷量,给出了每一场地的震陷量随地震动加速度的变化曲线.从而为黄土地区的地震灾害预测预防和地基抗震设计研究提供了一种定量方法.     

城市震害时空序列的展开过程分析

本文系统地介绍城市地震灾害的主体，震害的特征及按时间、空间序列的发展过程。城市震害是多种灾害同时发生、相互影响，并且多种灾害在时空序列上都有发生、发展和延续的过程。通过对以往几次城市地震灾害的现象的研究、展示其在时空序列的分布规律，力求找到各种灾害与抗震救灾活动的对应关系