Determination and discussion hydraulic retention time in membrane bioreactor system

Based on the microorganism kinetic model, the formula for computing hydraulic retention time in a membrane bioreactor system (MBR) is derived. With considering HRT as an evaluation index a combinational approach was used to discuss factors which have an effect on MBR. As a result, the influencing factors were listed in order from strength to weakness as: maximum specific removal rate K, saturation constant Ks, maintenance coefficient m, maximum specific growth rate ,ua and observed yield coefficient Yobs. Moreover, the formula was simplified, whose parameters were experimentally determined in petrochemical wastewater treatment. The simplified formula is θ= 1.1( 1/β -1)(Kｓ S)/KXo , for oetroehemical wastewater treatment K and Ko eaualed 0.185 and 154.2, resoectively.     

The adaptive significance of male polymorphism in the acarid mite Caloglyphus berlesei

Summary Two forms of males occur in the acarid mite, Caloglyphus berlesei. One of them uses its thickened third pair of legs to kill other males; the other, without modified legs, does not attack other males. Previous studies have shown that the form of the male is environmentally determined: fighter males develop only at low population densities and their development can be suppressed by substances emanating from dense colonies. In this study, the duration of development, longevity and virility of the two male morphs were measured. The only significant difference was that fighters had a shorter development time between the two last moults. In another experiment, two groups of colonies were maintained under the same conditions but had different numbers of individuals: small colonies contained 2 fighters and 2 non-fighters, whereas large colonies contained 30 males of each type. The relative reproductive success of both morphs was estimated from numbers of matings. In small colonies, the estimated reproductive success (ERS) was significantly higher for fighters than for non-fighters, mainly because in over 50% of these colonies a single fighter male managed to kill all the rival males and monopolize the females. The opposite was true in large colonies, in which non-fighters achieved significantly higher ERS, mainly because the fighters were killed in fights more often than the non-fighters. This implies that the ratio of costs to benefits obtained by adopting the fighter-male strategy increases with the number of rival males, which may explain conditional male development in C. berlesei.     

膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用前景

介绍了膜及膜分离技术。膜生物反应器（MBR）的原理。综述了膜生物反应器在污染处理领域应用开发情况；指出了膜生物反应器在发展中存在的主要问题；展望了膜生物反应器技术的发展前景。     

膜分离技术在水处理中的应用研究

介绍了膜分离技术及其特点，对膜分离技术进行了分类，同时阐述了渗透、电渗析、反渗透、超滤、微滤和纳滤这些常规膜分离技术的研究和应用情况，在此基础上介绍了近年来发展起来的液膜、气态膜、双极膜、膜萃取和膜蒸馏这些新型膜分离技术。提出了膜分离技术存在的一些问题、研究方向、展示了膜分离技术的应用前景。     

超滤膜处理火电厂废水的工业性试验研究

结合现场中试探讨了超滤作为反渗透预处理工艺的可行性，确定了超滤工艺处理某火电厂废水的基本参数，研究了超滤膜的恢复及效果，并且提出了系统设计的相关建议，对工业系统设计具有指导意义。     

人机工程学数据在产品设计中的应用

介绍和分析了确定产品类型、选择百分位数、产品尺寸修正量,并最终设定产品功能尺寸的思路和方法.结合实例,深入分析了人机工程学数据在产品设计中的应用方法.     

Trait‐based prediction of extinction risk of small‐bodied freshwater fishes

Small body size is generally correlated with r‐selected life‐history traits, including early maturation, short‐generation times, and rapid growth rates, that result in high population turnover and a reduced risk of extinction. Unlike other classes of vertebrates, however, small freshwater fishes appear to have an equal or greater risk of extinction than large fishes. We explored whether particular traits explain the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List conservation status of small‐bodied freshwater fishes from 4 temperate river basins: Murray‐Darling, Australia; Danube, Europe; Mississippi‐Missouri, North America; and the Rio Grande, North America. Twenty‐three ecological and life‐history traits were collated for all 171 freshwater fishes of ≤120 mm total length. We used generalized linear mixed‐effects models to assess which combination of the 23 traits best explained whether a species was threatened or not threatened. We used the best models to predict the probability of 29 unclassified species being listed as threatened. With and without controlling for phylogeny at the family level, small body size—among small‐bodied species—was the most influential trait correlated with threatened species listings. The k‐folds cross‐validation demonstrated that body size and a random effect structure that included family predicted the threat status with an accuracy of 78% (SE 0.5). We identified 10 species likely to be threatened that are not listed as such on the IUCN Red List. Small body size is not a trait that provides universal resistance to extinction, particularly for vertebrates inhabiting environments affected by extreme habitat loss and fragmentation. We hypothesize that this is because small‐bodied species have smaller home ranges, lower dispersal capabilities, and heightened ecological specialization relative to larger vertebrates. Trait data and further model development are needed to predict the IUCN conservation status of the over 11,000 unclassified freshwater fishes, especially those under threat from proposed dam construction in the world's most biodiverse river basins.     

Estimating abundance without recaptures of marked pallid sturgeon in the Mississippi River

Abundance estimates are essential for assessing the viability of populations and the risks posed by alternative management actions. An effort to estimate abundance via a repeated mark‐recapture experiment may fail to recapture marked individuals. We devised a method for obtaining lower bounds on abundance in the absence of recaptures for both panmictic and spatially structured populations. The method assumes few enough recaptures were expected to be missed by random chance. The upper Bayesian credible limit on expected recaptures allows probabilistic statements about the minimum number of individuals present in the population. We applied this method to data from a 12‐year survey of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) in the lower and middle Mississippi River (U.S.A.). None of the 241 individuals marked was recaptured in the survey. After accounting for survival and movement, our model‐averaged estimate of the total abundance of pallid sturgeon ≥3 years old in the study area had a 1%, 5%, or 25% chance of being <4,600, 7,000, or 15,000, respectively. When we assumed fish were distributed in proportion to survey catch per unit effort, the farthest downstream reach in the survey hosted at least 4.5–15 fish per river kilometer (rkm), whereas the remainder of the reaches in the lower and middle Mississippi River hosted at least 2.6–8.5 fish/rkm for all model variations examined. The lower Mississippi River had an average density of pallid sturgeon ≥3 years old of at least 3.0–9.8 fish/rkm. The choice of Bayesian prior was the largest source of uncertainty we considered but did not alter the order of magnitude of lower bounds. Nil‐recapture estimates of abundance are highly uncertain and require careful communication but can deliver insights from experiments that might otherwise be considered a failure.     

长期施肥下浙江稻田不同颗粒组分有机碳的稳定特征

依托浙江水网地区稻田长期定位施肥试验(1996~2013年),利用固态13C核磁共振波谱技术,研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤各颗粒组分有机碳含量及其化学结构特征.结果表明,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,秸秆与化肥配施(NPKRS)、栏肥与化肥配施(NPKOM)、单施化肥(NPK)和单施栏肥(OM)处理均显著(P0.05)增加了砂粒(2~0.02 mm)、粉粒(0.02~0.002mm)和黏粒(0.002 mm)组分中有机碳含量;而单施秸秆(RS)处理仅显著增加砂粒组分有机碳含量.此外,与单施化肥处理相比,有机肥和化肥配施促进了新增有机碳在粉粒和黏粒组分的分配,更有利于新增有机碳的稳定.应用13C-NMR波谱技术进行结构表征,结果表明粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳的化学结构存在明显差异,粉粒组分烷氧碳、芳香碳的相对含量高于黏粒,而烷基碳、羰基碳的相对含量低于黏粒.长期有机肥与化肥配施下粉粒和黏粒烷基碳相对含量较单施有机肥处理分别降低9.1%~11.9%和13.7%~19.9%,烷氧碳的相对含量则分别增加2.9%~6.3%和13.4%~22.1%,表明有机肥与化肥配施处理降低了粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳的分解程度.长期单施化肥处理下粉粒和黏粒组分有机质的芳化度和疏水性低于单施有机肥处理和不施肥处理,有机质的矿化稳定性较低.长期有机肥与化肥配施,尤其是NPKOM处理,通过增加化学抗性化合物和碳水化合物的积累,并且减缓活性组分的分解提高粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳含量,是促进稻田土壤有机碳可持续积累的有效措施.     

SBR加载不同粒径磁性活性炭对其污泥颗粒化进程的影响机制

在相同序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中分别加载1.5 g·L~(-1)的80、140、200、和300目不同粒径的磁性活性炭(反应器编号依次为2、3、4、5号),同时以不投加磁性活性炭的SBR反应器(1号)作为对照组,研究各反应器污泥体积指数(SVI)、粒径分布特征、胞外聚合物(EPS)中胞外蛋白(PN)、胞外多糖(PS)的含量变化规律以及除污性能.结果表明,不同粒径磁性活性炭对污泥颗粒化进程有一定的影响,粒径过大、过小对促进污泥颗粒化进程的强化作用不明显,当磁性活性炭的粒径为140目和200目时,活性污泥很容易以其作为"成核"载体快速形成好氧颗粒污泥,并且形成的颗粒污泥结构紧密,沉降速率快.采用高斯函数分析污泥粒径分布和标准偏差发现,反应器运行的第50 d,3号和4号反应器内污泥平均粒径均达到了780μm以上,明显高于其他反应器,标准偏差分别为318.9μm和362.3μm,两反应器内形成的颗粒污泥粒径较均匀,处理系统较稳定.与此同时,投加不同粒径的磁性活性炭均有利于促进污泥胞外蛋白质PN含量的增加,对胞外多糖PS的含量影响不大;但合适的磁性活性炭粒径(140目和200目)越有利于污泥PN的分泌,颗粒化程度明显的3号和4号反应器的PN/PS比值均高于其他3个反应器.磁性炭基好氧颗粒污泥的形成符合"惰性内核模型".此外,3号、4号反应器对废水TN和TP的去除率分别达到50%和60%以上,均高于其他反应器.