Amazonian freshwater habitats experiencing environmental and socioeconomic threats affecting subsistence fisheries

Matching the trend seen among the major large rivers of the globe, the Amazon River and its tributaries are facing aquatic ecosystem disruption that is affecting freshwater habitats and their associated biodiversity, including trends for decline in fishery resources. The Amazon’s aquatic ecosystems, linked natural resources, and human communities that depend on them are increasingly at risk from a number of identified threats, including expansion of agriculture; cattle pastures; infrastructure such as hydroelectric dams, logging, mining; and overfishing. The forest, which regulates the hydrological pulse, guaranteeing the distribution of rainfall and stabilizing seasonal flooding, has been affected by deforestation. Flooding dynamics of the Amazon Rivers are a major factor in regulating the intensity and timing of aquatic organisms. This study’s objective was to identify threats to the integrity of freshwater ecosystems, and to seek instruments for conservation and sustainable use, taking principally fish diversity and fisheries as factors for analysis.     

基于DEA模型的太湖流域企业污水治理效率

运用数据包络分析DEA方法,建立了太湖殷村港流域工业园区企业污水治理效率评价体系,并利用该体系对园区内企业污水治理效率进行了实证研究。利用效率评价函数对园区内20家企业进行评价,结果表明,其中4家企业达到环境治理效率相对高效;20家企业的废水排放量、COD和NH3-N排放削减总量分别为3691860、217．53和14．64t／a,削减潜力较大。实证研究结果表明,该环境绩效评价系统可为园区企业污水治理调控提出定量化的调整建议。     

基于SPOT—VGT的黄河流域植被覆盖时空演变

植被是土地覆盖中的最主要部分,是连接土壤、大气和生物等要素的自然“纽带”。植被覆盖动态变化对全球能量循环和物质循环具有重要影响,是全球变化研究的重要内容之一。黄河流域作为我国重要的粮食生产基地,其环境变化直接影响到流域经济的可持续发展。为了快速准确地提取地表植被状况,了解黄河流域生态环境,利用1998—2011年的SPOT-VGT遥感数据,结合地理信息技术,采用均值法和趋势分析法对黄河流域植被NDVI时空分布特征和变化趋势进行了动态监测。结果表明,（1）黄河流域14年NDVI均值的空间分布整体特征是东南部平原、盆地和西部山地植被状况要好于北部地区。其次,黄河流域属于干旱半干旱地区,植被发育主要依赖于水文条件,所以沿黄河干流和支流区域也具有较高的植被NDVI值。（2）黄河流域植被NDVl年均值近14年间整体呈缓慢增长趋势,1998--2000年呈现急剧减少态势,2001--2003年出现了较为快速的增长,2004--2011年又出现了较长时间的连续增长过程。（3）黄河流域植被NDVI基本不变的区域约占研究区总面积的71．13％;植被NDVI轻微改善的区域约占流域总面积的27．30％,且主要分布于流域东南部的盆地、平原和西部的山地、丘陵地区,植被NDVI退化的区域面积约占流域总面积的0．98％。黄河流域自1998年以来,植被NDVI整体在不断提高,生态环境在不断改善。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林植物群落演替下的土壤理化性质研究

选择塔里木荒漠河岸林内典型、有代表性的不同演替阶段的群落,对其土壤理化性质进行研究。结果表明：土壤理化性质在演替方向和土壤剖面上表现出较强的规律性。演替后、中期表层土壤（0～20 cm）粘粒质量分数比初期分别减少了1.28%、64.29%、土壤砂粒质量分数分别增加了3.08%、17.23%,土壤明显变粗沙化。群落演替能明显增大土壤容重与非毛管孔隙度,降低土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、孔隙比、土壤水分质量分数、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量。演替后、中期表层土壤非毛管孔隙度比初期分别增大了33.78%、36.087%,土壤水分质量分数分别降低了85.57%、97.77%,演替后期最大持水量、毛管持水量分别比初期降低了40.28%、9.27%,导致土壤固相率减小,气相率增大,土壤持水供水能力与抗风蚀性能减弱。土壤有机质、全氮与碱解氮、全磷与速效磷、全钾与速效钾、盐分质量分数随群落演替呈降低趋势。演替后期表层土壤有机质、碱解氮、全磷与速效钾质量分数分别比初期降低了38.68%、60.71%、23.58%、66.93%,其土壤理化性质退化最显著。地下水位下降是引起荒漠河岸林植物群落逆向演替的驱动力。当前随人类干扰强度增强（水土资源开发）,塔里木荒漠河岸林土壤结构与土壤生态功能随之受到破坏与衰退,而保持合理的生态水位则是维持荒漠河岸林生态系统稳定的有效途径。     

辽河流域重点行业产污强度及节水减排清洁生产潜力

基于环境统计数据,分析了辽河流域重点工业行业单位产值的新鲜用水量,COD_Cr和NH₃-N等的产生强度,并与松花江、海河、淮河流域及全国平均水平进行对比,研究了其产污特征. 建立了情景分析模型,预测了2015年在经济保持一定增长率、重点工业行业产污强度保持不同水平情景下的流域总污染物产生水平. 结果表明,2008年辽河流域工业新鲜用水强度,COD_Cr和NH₃-N产生强度均低于全国同期工业平均水平,也低于松花江、海河和淮河流域水平. 造纸及纸制品业COD_Cr产生强度为全国平均水平的5.04倍;黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业与化学原料及化学制品制造业COD_Cr产生强度、医药制造业COD_Cr和NH₃-N产生强度也较高,表明这些行业的清洁生产潜力较大. 根据辽河流域污染物产生量削减潜力情景分析,其中的高方案比较合理. 该方案下,2015年COD_Cr和NH₃-N产生量预计比2008年分别减少14%和9%,表明该方案有利于污染排放总量的削减.      

基于水环境约束的抚仙湖流域农业结构调整研究

农业面源污染严重污染水体,是水体富营养化和水质恶化的主要污染源. 在考虑水环境容量农业分配量、农业面源污染削减、粮食及副食品安全的基础上,建立抚仙湖流域农业产业结构优化调整的系统动力学模型,并设置惯性发展和目标导向2种发展方案进行仿真模拟. 结果表明:目标导向发展方案可以有效降低流域内污染物入湖量,TN和TP分别削减了221.45和24.74 t,处在允许的水环境容量农业分配量范围内. 根据调整优化结果,建议在抚仙湖流域大力发展绿色有机生态农业,形成观光休闲农业产业;建立集中养殖小区,采用立体式生态饲养畜禽模式.      

Land use and land cover dynamics in the Keleta watershed,Awash River basin,Ethiopia

Unprecedented pace and magnitude of land use/land cover (LULC) change in the Ethiopian highlands is a key problem threatening the natural ecosystem and creates vulnerability to an environmental hazard. A combination of remote sensing, field observations and focus group discussions were used to analyze the dynamics and drivers of LULC change from 1985 to 2011 in the Keleta watershed, Ethiopia. Supervised image classification was used to map LULC classes. Focus group discussions and ranking were used to explain the drivers and causes linked to the changes. The result showed rapid expansion of farmland and settlement (36%), shrublands cover shrinking by 50%, while the size of degraded land increased by 45%. Rapid population growth, rainfall variability and soil fertility decline, lack of fuelwood and shortage of cultivation land were ranked as the main causes of LULC change in the watershed according to the focus group discussion. Further effort is needed to improve the creation of new job opportunity, promotion of improved technologies to boost productivity and soil fertility, provide credit facility, extra push on irrigation infrastructure development and soil, water and natural ecosystem conservation practices. Generally, better community-based land resource management will need to ensure sustainable rural livelihoods.     

基于统计分析的太湖流域某市农业活动区重金属污染特征及来源

对太湖流域某市农业活动区具代表性的14个监测点的土壤(0～10、20～30和50～60 cm)进行采样分析,利用多元统计和地统计学方法,研究了该地区Cd、Pb、Cr和Mn等重金属的空间分布特征及其主要来源. 结果表明,各采样点和各层土壤之间重金属的含量变化较大,变异系数为39.05%～243.52%. 各层土壤中w(Cd)和w(Pb)以及底层土壤中w(Cr)均超过土壤背景值,尤其是w(Cd),表层、中层和底层分别为19.92、17.41和19.97 mg/kg,远高于背景值. 地统计学分析表明,各层土壤中w(Cd)、w(Pb)以及表层土壤中w(Cr)的高值区主要分布在研究区北部,而中层和底层土壤中w(Cr)的高值区主要分布在研究区南部. w(Mn)受自然因素的影响较大,分布较为均匀. 表层、中层和底层土壤中w(Cr)和w(Mn)的相关系数分别为0.715(P<0.01)、0.632(P<0.05)和0.602(P<0.05),w(Pb)与w(Cd)的相关系数分别为0.842(P<0.01)、0.590(P<0.05)和0.874(P<0.01). 主成分分析表明,研究区耕地土壤中w(Mn)主要受地球化学的影响,Cd、Pb和Cr的污染主要来源于工厂所排放的废气、废水,机动车尾气,以及农业活动施入的化肥、农药.      

皇甫川丘陵沟壑区小流域生态用水实验研究

一个强烈水土流失小流域(准格尔五分地沟),经过20多年水土保持植被建设,乔灌草人工植被镶嵌分布,覆盖率达80%,在有效遏制水土流失的同时,也消耗相当量的水资源---生态用水。2002年生长季节,采用实验研究方法,测定了该小流域各不同类型植被蒸散量、各不同类型土壤贮水量及降水量等,计算出该小流域四大类型植被生态用水(按大小顺序):①农田为5321.3m³/hm²;②乔木林为4654.8m³/hm²;③灌木林为4047.8m³/hm²;④草原为3244.3m³/hm²。估算出全小流域生态用水量:①各类植被生态用水量约150×10⁴m³;②水库湿地生态用水量约26×10⁴m³;③居民点生态用水量约4000m³。三项合计,即五分地沟小流域总生态用水量约176×10⁴m³。值得重视的问题是:该小流域植被生态用水量和总生态用水量均超出同期降水量(130×10⁴m³)达20×10⁴～40×10⁴m³。这意味着土壤贮水量耗减20～30mm。因此,在生态环境建设中,构建适宜的植被模式,调控生态用水量,将对维持生态系统稳定及其环境改善起重要作用。     

Sustainable management of transboundary river basins: a line of reasoning

This paper identifies a line of reasoning based on a number of concepts and tools to facilitate river basin management, which have been applied in a case study. For long-term sustainable river basin management, a balance is needed between the human use of the river and its basin, the ecological functioning of the river and receiving waters, and the river's capacity to supply goods and services. To find such a balance a framework is needed that illustrates and clarifies possible trade-offs between economic use and environmental supply by integrating scientific information on cause–effect chains on a catchment scale. A number of concepts and tools are proposed as a basis for this framework. The tools are: (1) indicators that describe the complex interactions and processes in rivers; (2) a suite of linked models that predict the economic, environmental and ecological effect of management measures; (3) an evaluation framework to rank different management alternatives on the basis of three objectives: economic efficiency, spatial equity in costs and benefits and environmental quality of the river and receiving lakes. The concept of environmental quality defines the potential of the river environment (i.e. natural capital) to contribute to human welfare. The concept of environmental functions is used to identify societal interest in natural capital. The concept and tools have been applied in a case study involving the evaluation of four management strategies on nutrient abatement in the Rhine basin. The result of the case study is that economic efficiency is in conflict with spatial equity and environmental quality. Spatial equity is in agreement with environmental quality. Electronic Publication