四川盆地红层找水打井工程与防灾减灾

在对四川盆地红层区找水打井工程和地质灾害调查研究的基础上,从红层区有利于崩塌滑坡发生的地形地貌、地质结构以及红层区斜坡变形破坏特征等方面阐述了红层区崩滑地质灾害发育特点,论述了地表渗水和地下水对红层斜坡变形破坏的影响、疏排水在红层区崩塌滑坡防治中的重要作用,论证了红层找水打井工程与崩塌滑坡防灾的联系,提出了纽层打井工程区的防灾减灾对策。     

长江流域环境问题与持续发展

长江流域因生态经济失调，导致资源环境质量下降，水域污染加重，酸雨扩大，灾害增多，自然资源衰退。制订长江流域可持续发展战略规划与资源环境法，依靠科技进步，走可持续发展道路。     

皖南中生代构造运动新认识

皖南在中生代太平洋板块剧烈活动期间受到由南(东)向北(西)的应力挤压,形成近东西向的隆起。结品基底由南向北推覆,而隆起带中及南侧的部分浅变质岩系及其上沉积盖层沿基底及层间滑脱面产生由北向南的重力滑动,后缘形成褶皱。侏罗—白垩纪,皖南发生多次被动拉张的断陷盆地,前缘加厚并形成(倒转)褶皱。侏罗—白垩纪,皖南发生多次强度不同的多层次滑脱—逆冲推覆作用并伴随岩浆活动,到晚白垩世发生由南东向北西的大规模逆冲推覆构造,从而完成皖南中生代板内造山过程。     

冀北沽源盆地中生代火山岩的同位素年龄及成因

根据同位素年龄测定,冀北地区张家口组三段酸性火山岩的形成年龄为138Ma,属于上侏罗统顶部;花吉营组中基性岩石的形成年龄为133Ma,应划归下白垩统底部为宜。根据火山岩全岩Pb—Pb等时线年龄、残留锆石的年龄及基底岩石的变质时代等信息,结合火山岩中稀土元素的分布特征等推断:张家口组火山岩主要是由基底岩石(硅铝壳)重熔形成,而花吉营组岩石可能为壳幔混染成因。     

东营断陷湖盆充填过程对烃源岩的控制作用研究

下第三系沙河街组是东营凹陷最重要的生油层段 ,精细研究发现沙河街组主力烃源岩在岩性岩相组合、有机质性质和组成等方面存在显著的差异性。通过分析盆地的沉积体系和演化序列 ,将沙河街组烃源岩自下而上划分为三个发展演化阶段 ,从湖盆形成早期的欠充填阶段经过平衡充填到最后的过充填 ,经历了一个完整的湖盆类型演变旋回过程 ,它们分别对应于岩石地层单元中的沙四上亚段、沙三下亚段和沙三中、上亚段。由于湖泊充填过程的阶段性导致了各充填单元烃源岩有机质的组成成分、有机质的保存条件和生物标志化合物等地球化学指标的差异性 ,而这些特征的差异性正说明了湖盆的充填过程控制了烃源岩的形成和发育。     

A comparative study on Canadian and Chinese river basin planning

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Assessment of nitrogen leaching from arable land in large river basins: Part I. Simulation experiments using a process-based model

A two-step procedure for analysing nitrogen leaching from arable land in large river basins is suggested: (1) application of a process-based dynamic model for a set of representative conditions in a large river basin to simulate water and nitrogen fluxes and (2) development of a fuzzy-rule based metamodel using the simulated nitrogen fluxes in Step 1 as a training set. After that the metamodel can be used for rapid assessment of water quality inside the considered ranges of parameters, describing natural conditions and management practices. This paper describes Step 1 of the procedure. Step 2 is described in an accompanying paper (Haberlandt et al., Ecological Modelling 150 (3) (2002) 277–294). The advantage of this approach is that it combines the ‘process-based foundation’ with the resulting simplicity of the metamodel. Simulation experiments for analysing nitrogen (N) leaching from arable land were performed using the Soil and Water Integrated Model (SWIM) for a set of representative conditions in the Saale basin (23 687 km²) in Central Europe. The Saale River is one of the main tributaries of the Elbe. In advance, hydrological validation of the model was done for the whole Saale basin and validation of nitrogen dynamics was fulfilled in two mesoscale sub-basins of the Elbe. For the simulation experiments the drainage basin area was sub-divided into five climate zones and nine representative soil classes were chosen. The basic rotation and fertilisation schemes were established using regional information obtained from literature. In addition, the effects of changing the basic rotation to more/less intensive ones and changing fertilisation rates by 50% increase/decrease were studied. The ranges of simulated nitrogen fluxes for the basic rotation and fertilisation schemes are comparable to available regional estimates and differences between sub-regions and soils are plausible. The relative importance of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting nitrogen leaching for the Saale River basin was as follows: (1) soil, (2) climate, (3) fertilisation rate and (4) crop rotation. The simulation experiments provide a basis for a fuzzy-rule based metamodel approach, which aims at rapid water quality assessment of large regions.     

我国水污染防治的战略与政策的探讨

我国大部分城市污水的95%未经处理排放入水体,城市地区的水质有继续恶化的趋势,甚至许多城镇的下水管网尚不完善.随着城市化和工业化的发展,城市污水将继续增加.我国在污水处理中投资不足和水污染规模大这一不相适应的矛盾将会在相当长的一个时期内存在.解决我国水污染的根本原则是供求最大的费用—有效性.未来水污染防治的政策要点是:1.集中力量于源头削减污染产生量;2.建立按总量控制的流域级水污染防治的方法和示范工程;3.在投资和管理体制上建立以城市污水集中处理的市场经济刺激机制.     

Occurrence of severe floods in the Salado River Basin,Buenos Aires province,Argentina

Floods in the Salado Riverbasin, Argentina, seriously affect bothhuman activities and the environment.Inadequate and improper water managementaggravates the effects of natural extremeevents. The damage caused by the extremeflood in 1993 cost US$507 million,affected 14,500 farmers and flooded6,500,000 ha within the basin. This paperanalyses natural trends within the rainfalland riverflow records, and considers thepossible effects of human interference. Theriver basin is mainly underlain byimpermeable soils with a high water table.The soil factor and the low topographicgradients often produce surface run-off withslow lateral drainage. Very often, heavyrainfall associated with high soil moisturecontent leads to flooding of the basin.Three major flood events that have occurredsince 1960 have been analysed. Floodoccurrences have been placed in the contextof precipitation variability and soil waterstorage. The precipitation records of twolong-term stations in the basin (Junin andDolores) show an increasing trend and thisis due to rainfall increases in the warmseason. However, none of the rain eventsreached the probable maximum precipitationof 100 year return period. The dischargerecords of the Salado River are comparedwith the pattern of the ElNiño/Southern Oscillation and it isfound that only the May discharge anomaliesare weakly related to the El Niñodriven climate variability. Results fromthis study are useful for the formulationof flood mitigation measures. The paperconcludes with a consideration of the floodmitigation policy developed in PlanMaestro.     

小清河流域砷含量及其存在形态的研究

对小清河流域的砷含量进行了监测分析 ,并采用形态分析方法对砷的存在形态进行了分析研究。结果发现该流域水土受到一定程度的砷污染。从形态分析看 ,土壤、底质中以无机砷为主 ,而无机砷又以As(V)为主 ;河水中以有机砷为主