滇池周边地区农田土壤硝酸盐迁移累积特征

采用实地调查与模拟实验相结合的方法,研究不同施氮水平对地表水及土体中硝态氮迁移和累积的影响,旨在为减轻硝酸盐对滇池环境的威胁提供科学依据.结果表明,流域内农田排水中氮污染负荷高、氮肥投入过量及灌水频繁是造成研究区内土壤硝酸盐淋洗污染地下水的主要原因;土壤中NO3--N累积量与氮肥施用量在生菜的苗期呈极显著正相关(相关系数R0.01=0.9687**,**表示极显著线性相关),而在结球期呈显著正相关(R0.05=0.887*,*表示显著线性相关);在生菜整个生育期里,NO3--N沿土壤剖面垂直迁移至土壤深层,导致下层土壤的NO3--N含量高于上层土壤;生菜在苗期NO3--N淋失量较大,对地下水污染的风险高;高施氮强度与低施氮强度相比,氮素更易流失;频繁灌溉促使NO3--N随水向深层土壤迁移累积.     

1961~2010年大渡河流域极端降水事件变化特征

基于大渡河流域1961~2010年逐日降水数据资料,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、Morlet小波分析法,分析了近50a来大渡河流域极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明,大渡河流域的极端降水指数均呈现出相对稳定的波动增加;多年平均值均呈现出由西北向东南方向逐渐增多的分布特征,变化趋势的空间分布存在着区域差异:除强降水日数外,其他极端降水指数均呈现下游增加,上游减小的变化趋势,大渡河流域极端降水与年降水量变化趋势密切相关。大渡河流域各指数突变特征不一致,1d、5d最大降水量突变年集中在1974~1976年前后;强降水日数、极端降水量及极端强降水日数发生突变的年份分别为1984年、1979年及1977年,且突变后呈现明显的增大趋势。大渡河流域极端降水指数周期特征较复杂,但普遍存在5~10a的年际振荡周期和20~25a的年代际振荡周期,且25a是最强的主周期。     

Effects of Drainage‐Basin Geomorphology on Insectivorous Bird Abundance in Temperate Forests

Abstract: Interfaces between terrestrial and stream ecosystems often enhance species diversity and population abundance of ecological communities beyond levels that would be expected separately from both the ecosystems. Nevertheless, no study has examined how stream configuration within a watershed influences the population of terrestrial predators at the drainage‐basin scale. We examined the habitat and abundance relationships of forest insectivorous birds in eight drainage basins in a cool temperate forest of Japan during spring and summer. Each basin has different drainage‐basin geomorphology, such as the density and frequency of stream channels. In spring, when terrestrial arthropod prey biomass is limited, insectivorous birds aggregated in habitats closer to streams, where emerging aquatic prey was abundant. Nevertheless, birds ceased to aggregate around streams in summer because terrestrial prey became plentiful. Watershed‐scale analyses showed that drainage basins with longer stream channels per unit area sustained higher densities of insectivorous birds. Moreover, such effects of streams on birds continued from spring through summer, even though birds dispersed out of riparian areas in the summer. Although our data are from only a single year, our findings imply that physical modifications of stream channels may reduce populations of forest birds; thus, they emphasize the importance of landscape‐based management approaches that consider both stream and forest ecosystems for watershed biodiversity conservation.     

滇池及其流域的经营管理问题

滇池及其流域生态建设既是生态问题，也是经济问题，必须用经营的理念来进行治理和保护。流域要调整产业格局，“农田退耕造林，村庄闭合治污，产业退二进三”；要开展“厕所革命”、“餐饮革命”和“垃圾革命”，实现城市废弃物资源化利用；入湖河道要打造为生态景观河道；湖体可开发湿地公园旅游、水上游玩、底泥资源化利用等项目，还可种植水生花卉、水生蔬菜和养殖生态鱼类。     

1949年长江流域大洪水分析

1949长江流域 6月～ 9月持续降雨 ,上游降雨总量超过中下游 ,有些测站为实测以来最大 ,洪水过程包括多次洪峰。长江干流洪峰流量较一般 ,但其长历时洪量和年径流量较为稀遇。上游来水比重大 ,宜昌以上 30 d总入流占汉口以上的 2 / 3以上。灾情以中下游为最大     

香溪河流域资源环境状况及开发策略探讨

位于湖北省西部濒临长江三峡坝区的香溪河流域,环境秀美,自然资源极为丰富,在地方经济的发展过程中,存在着水土流的,洪涝灾害和环境恶化等系列问题。     

Mason Valley Groundwater Model: Linking Surface Water and Groundwater in the Walker River Basin,Nevada1

Carroll, Rosemary W.H., Greg Pohll, David McGraw, Chris Garner, Anna Knust, Doug Boyle, Tim Minor, Scott Bassett, and Karl Pohlmann, 2010. Mason Valley Groundwater Model: Linking Surface Water and Groundwater in the Walker River Basin, Nevada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):554-573. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00434.x Abstract: An integrated surface water and groundwater model of Mason Valley, Nevada is constructed to replicate the movement of water throughout the different components of the demand side of water resources in the Walker River system. The Mason Valley groundwater surface water model (MVGSM) couples the river/drain network with agricultural demand areas and the groundwater system using MODFLOW, MODFLOW’s streamflow routing package, as well as a surface water linking algorithm developed for the project. The MVGSM is capable of simulating complex feedback mechanisms between the groundwater and surface water system that is not dependent on linearity among the related variables. The spatial scale captures important hydrologic components while the monthly stress periods allow for seasonal evaluation. A simulation spanning an 11-year record shows the methodology is robust under diverse climatic conditions. The basin-wide modeling approach predicts a river system generally gaining during the summer irrigation period but losing during winter months and extended periods of drought. River losses to the groundwater system approach 25% of the river’s annual budget. Reducing diversions to hydrologic response units will increase river flows exiting the model domain, but also has the potential to increase losses from the river to groundwater storage.     

Models for Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in a River Basin During Industrial Development： A Case Study of Huaihe River Basin, China

At present,water pollutant emission trading plays an increasingly important role in pollution control in many foreign countries,and its pilot studies and demonstration have also been started in China.In order to solve the problem of initial allocation of emission permits: premise and basis of emission trading in a river basin,basic principles on initial allocation of actual emission permits in China are put forward.And it is thought that local development stage of industry should be taken into full account for initial allocation model of emission permits.There are five different allocation models in different development stages of industry,including models like distribution according to needs,improved same-rate reduction,performance,integration and environmental capacity,etc.The initial allocation of emission permits in various basins should choose a suitable model in accordance with their respective development stages.It is suggested in this article that integrated allocation model should be a main choice for current development stage of industry in China.     

博斯腾湖流域污染治理与生态环境保护对策浅析

近年来,由于生态环境问题日趋严重、工业污染、生活污水和农业洗田排水均未经过有效处理直接或间接排入博斯腾湖,使湖中盐分、氮、磷、有机质等总量逐年增加,致使博斯腾湖污染加重,水质恶化。本文通过对博斯腾湖流域污染与生态环境现状和存在问题的分析,针对性地提出了保护博斯腾湖流域的综合治理措施。     

第二松花江面源污染时空分布规律的研究

第二松花江流域作为松花江干流的主要产水区,其污染年负荷关乎下游水质的安全。面源污染是第二松花江的重要污染来源,采用输出系数法估算面源污染年负荷量,通过流域土地利用类型、社会经济信息等因素,利用有资料年的统计数据,进行面源污染年负荷量在时间、空间上的展布,探寻第二松花江流域面源污染年负荷量的空间分布规律,为水环境管理部门提供理论依据。