上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析

面源是城市水体的主要污染来源之一,其负荷强度及时空分布特征对于城市水环境污染防治具有重要意义.以上海市淀北片为研究区域,选择漕河泾为代表性汇水单元,按照屋面、路面、绿地3种下垫面,于2015年期间进行大、中、小3种雨型的径流-水质同步监测,分析降雨径流特性和面源污染负荷强度,并结合GIS估算区域面源污染负荷的空间分布.结果表明:淀北片CODMn、TP、TN、NH3-N年径流污染负荷强度均值分别为385.40、4.07、57.22、11.22 kg·hm-2·a-1,总体强度较大;屋面和路面径流污染负荷均具有一定程度的初期冲刷效应,对初期55%径流采取截流措施可有效控制60%~70%的面源污染负荷;根据受纳水体河道的空间拓扑,对研究区域进行汇水单元划分,并考虑雨型对污染物EMC(事件平均浓度)的影响,可更精确地估算城市面源污染负荷及其对城市河道的影响,为城市河道水环境治理提供污染负荷来源信息,从而对河道及城市面源污染进行高效而有针对性的治理.     

三姑泉域岩溶地下水分布特征及子系统识别

通过地质学、岩溶动力学、构造学、地球物理勘探、流体动力学、水文地质试验、水文地球化学及同位素分析等方法,分析了三姑泉域岩溶地下水赋存与富集规律,阐明了可溶岩与构造对岩溶地下水分布的控制;采用多种手段联合方法对三姑泉域的地下水子系统进行了识别。共划分了东丹河、丹河、高平-晋城、赵庄四个地下水子系统。每个子系统内都发育强径流带,径流带内物探结果显示低电阻率,水化学显示低TDS,同位素显示高δ~(18)O、δD值,子系统边界上则呈现了高电阻率,高TDS及低δ~(18)O、δD值的特征。多种研究方法相互印证结论一致,提高了地下水子系统识别的准确度。     

湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的水文水化学动态特征初步研究——以贵州施秉黄洲河流域为例

利用水文水化学自动监测仪,于2018年5月18日至2018年12月3日期间对地处湿润亚热带季风气候条件下的贵州省施秉世界自然遗产地境内的黄洲河白云岩小流域进行了高时间分辨率的连续监测,目的是为了揭示湿润亚热带季风气候区典型白云岩小流域不同时间尺度与不同降雨强度下水文水化学动态特征。研究获得了黄洲河白云岩小流域的降雨量、出口流量、水温、电导率、pH、方解石及白云石饱和指数、CO_2分压等连续数据。结果表明:(1)黄洲河流域出口河水的pH、电导率、CO_2分压、方解石及白云石饱和指数等指标具有明显的日周期变化规律,即水温、pH、方解石及白云石饱和指数与气温的昼夜周期变化曲线相似,而电导率、CO_2分压与气温的日周期变化曲线相反;(2)黄洲河流域出口河水的水化学指标对不同强度的降雨会产生不同变幅与变化方向的响应特征,暴雨会显著干扰河水水化学指标的日周期变化规律,主要表现在随着降雨强度的增大,电导率与CO_2分压呈现显著下降;(3)白云岩流域具有明显的化学稳态行为。     

EFFICIENCY OF AN INFILTRATION BASIN IN REMOVING CONTAMINANTS FROM URBAN STORMWATER

The efficiency of a Stormwater Infiltration Basin (SIB) to remove contaminants from urban stormwater was assessed in the current investigation. The SIB, installed in an urban suburb in eastern Sydney (Australia), was monitored over seven rainfall events to assess the removal efficiency of the remedial device for total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients (TP, TKN, N_ox, TN), trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), organochlorine pesticides and faecal coliforms (FC) from stormwater. The weighted average concentration (WAC) of TSS in the stormwater effluent from the SIB was reduced by an average of 50%, whereas the WAC of Cu, Pb and Zn were also reduced by an average 68%, 93% and 52%, respectively. However, the WAC of Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni displays either similar concentrations as the stormwater influent (Cr and Mn), or substantially higher concentrations (Fe and Ni), due possibly to leaching of fine-grained zeolite clay particles in the filtration bed. The mean removal efficiency of the SIB for total phosphorus (TP) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was 51% and 65%, respectively. In contrast, the average WAC of oxidisable nitrogen (nitrate and nitrite nitrogen or N_ox) is about 2.5 times greater in the effluent (1.34 ± 0.69 mg L^–1) than in the incoming stormwater (0.62 ± 0.25 mg L^–1). The WAC of total nitrogen (TN) was similar for stormwater at the in-flow and out-flow points. The SIB was very efficient in removing FC from stormwater; and the WAC of almost 70 (100 mL)^–1 at inflow was reduced to <2000 cfu (100 Ml)^–1 at the outflow, representing a mean removal efficiency of 96%. Due to the low concentrations of Cd, organochlorine pesticides and PAHs in the stormwater, it was not possible to assess the efficiency of the SIB in removing these contaminants.     

空气流域管理--城市空气质量达标战略的新视角

概述了现今比较流行的"空气流域"新概念,介绍了在此概念基础上的"空气流域管理"新观念,认为它们可以作为我国城市空气质量达标战略的新起点.     

合流制排水系统污水溢流污染控制技术进展

合流制污水溢流(Combined Sewer Overflows，CSOs)内含有大量污染物质，在未经处理后排入水体，造成了极大的危害，因此对CSOs的污染控制极其必要。本文分析了CSOs污染的影响因素、特点，综述了CSOs污染控制技术的进展。     

A MODIFIED RATIONAL FORMULA FOR FLOOD DESIGN IN SMALL BASINS1

ABSTRACT: New formulas and procedures under the framework of the Rational Formula are presented that are applicable to flood design problems for a small basin if the geometry of the basin can be approximated as an ellipse or a rhombus. Instead of making the assumption in the traditional rational formula that the rainfall is uniformly distributed in the whole duration (D_w) of a design storm, the new method modifies that assumption as: the rainfall is uniformly distributed only in each time interval CD) of the design storm hyetograph, thus extending the rational formula applicable to the case that the rainfall duration is less than the basin concentration time (T_c). The new method can be applied to estimate the flood design peak discharge, and to generate the flood hydrograph simultaneously. The derivation of the formulas is provided in detail in this paper, and an example is also included to illustrate how to apply the new formulas to the flood design problems in small basins.     

ECONOMICS OF CONTROLLING NATURAL SALT SOURCES IN THE ARKANSAS RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The methodology underlying, and the estimates incorporated in the Corps of Engineers' economic evaluation of the Arkansas River Basin Chloride Control Project are evaluated and judged deficient in several ways. An improperly specified alternative cost analysis probably results in overestimates of the total regional demand for water, the demand for Arkansas River Water, and the cost-savings realized with the project in place. The quantitative effect of these errors is not determined. However, other adjustments are identified which are evaluated using the Corps' data. These adjustments reduce B/C from 2.64 to 0.57; principally as a result of corrections for over-estimates of cost-savings in steam-electric generation, and for use of improper discounting procedures and gross output-earnings ratios.     

RECREATIONAL ENHANCEMENT OF HIGH COUNTRY WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: There is considerable misconception about the dangers of opening to a recreating public in great need of additional open areas. A systematic procedure for identifying the factors essential to the selectio, planning, and management of reservoirs for recreation is described. A detailed case study conducted by an interdisciplinary project team is presented to demonstrate the feasibility fo maintaining storage levels in recreation-conductive high country reseroirs without unduly injuring downstram water users. The idea is to trade water with reservoirs having less recreation potential. The optimal means of doing this is found via a river basin simulation model with quasi-optimizing capability. Results of the case study show that this strategy is indeed feasible. Applicable to other areas may require analysis of tradeoffs if at least some damage to downstream users is unavoidable.     

CONSUMPTIVE USE OF STREAMFLOW INCREASES IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: This study examined the disposition of streamflow increases that could be created by vegetation management on forest land along the upper reaches of the Colorado River. A network optimization model was used to simulate water flow, storage, consumptive use, and loss within the entire Colorado River Basin with and without the flow increases, according to various scenarios incorporating both current and future consumptive use levels as well as existing and potential institutional constraints. Results indicate that very little of the flow increases would be consumptively used at current use levels, or even at future use levels, if water allocation institutions remain unchanged. Given future use levels and economically based water allocation institutions, up to one-half of the flow increases could be consumptively used. The timing of streamflow increases, and the institutional constraints on water allocation, often limit the potential for consumptive use of flow increases.