INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF URBAN WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT. This paper will present a total water quality-quantity management approach which has incorporated the costs of water pollution control and water treatment, the benefits of water-based activities, and the trade-off between low flow augmentation and water quality improvement in its consideration. The analytical framework is based on the decomposition procedures provided by dynamic programming within which the optimal management plans are developed.     

Flood information systems: Needs and improvements in Eastern India

Flood warning systems offer a large potential for reducing human losses and property damage in flood-prone regions. This article illustrates why official organized systems should not be relied on completely in either developing or developed societies. It then discusses an indigenous flood warning system in a rural area of Eastern India, its value, and its importance in providing an alternative means of detecting, interpreting, and relaying flood warning information to the ultimate users of this information, i.e., those populations most at risk from floods.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.     

ANALYSIS OF FIRM WATER SUPPLY UNDER COMPLEX INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS1

River basin computer simulation studies often do not properly include the complex legal and institutional factors governing water allocation. These factors include formal water rights and informal borrowing agreements among the basin water users. An attempt has been made in this study to show that such factors can be included. We also show that an optimal, integrated approach to reservoir operations in a river basin can do much to alleviate the burden of new demands placed on available water resources. The procurement of a firm water supply for a proposed coal fired power plant is analyzed as a case study. An efficient river basin simulation model is used to determine the viability of a scheme for providing an annual firm water supply to the plant, with consideration of the existing water storage and demands within the basin. Given the hydrologic sequence considered, the model results show that the proposed strategy is viable in that the required firm water supply can be realized without causing harm to decreed water users in the basin. However, integrated diversion and reservoir operations are required to assure a desirable uniform rate of delivery of reusable effluent to the power plant.     

长江流域经济发达地区城市发展思路

长江流域具有优越的区位条件和良好的经济基础,改革开放后城市化水平大幅提高,目前该流域的城市格局正处于由传统的封闭型工业生产城市向经济型、开放型和以第三产业为主转变,单体城市也开始向相互依托、相互发展的城市群体转变。本文分析和总结了长江流域城市发展的现状和存在的问题,如城市化滞后于工业化、城市规划同城市发展不相适应、城市建设资金就足和城市生态环境问题等。在此基础上重点对长江中下游地区城市２１世纪发展     

四川盆地大洪涝灾害的特点和变化规律及防治对策

四川盆地的大洪涝灾害是由暴雨和大暴雨引起的。具以下6个特点；一次大洪涝灾害发生时，降水强度大，降水量多且集中，灾害严重，损失巨大；发生频率高，大强度灾害多；时空分布不均；开始期主要在6、7月；终期主要在9月，初终期有很好的对应关系。它的强度、初终期等都有变化规律。防治它的对策是治、防、用、护四结合。     

EFFICIENCY OF AN INFILTRATION BASIN IN REMOVING CONTAMINANTS FROM URBAN STORMWATER

The efficiency of a Stormwater Infiltration Basin (SIB) to remove contaminants from urban stormwater was assessed in the current investigation. The SIB, installed in an urban suburb in eastern Sydney (Australia), was monitored over seven rainfall events to assess the removal efficiency of the remedial device for total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients (TP, TKN, N_ox, TN), trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), organochlorine pesticides and faecal coliforms (FC) from stormwater. The weighted average concentration (WAC) of TSS in the stormwater effluent from the SIB was reduced by an average of 50%, whereas the WAC of Cu, Pb and Zn were also reduced by an average 68%, 93% and 52%, respectively. However, the WAC of Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni displays either similar concentrations as the stormwater influent (Cr and Mn), or substantially higher concentrations (Fe and Ni), due possibly to leaching of fine-grained zeolite clay particles in the filtration bed. The mean removal efficiency of the SIB for total phosphorus (TP) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was 51% and 65%, respectively. In contrast, the average WAC of oxidisable nitrogen (nitrate and nitrite nitrogen or N_ox) is about 2.5 times greater in the effluent (1.34 ± 0.69 mg L^–1) than in the incoming stormwater (0.62 ± 0.25 mg L^–1). The WAC of total nitrogen (TN) was similar for stormwater at the in-flow and out-flow points. The SIB was very efficient in removing FC from stormwater; and the WAC of almost 70 (100 mL)^–1 at inflow was reduced to <2000 cfu (100 Ml)^–1 at the outflow, representing a mean removal efficiency of 96%. Due to the low concentrations of Cd, organochlorine pesticides and PAHs in the stormwater, it was not possible to assess the efficiency of the SIB in removing these contaminants.     

广西西江流域农田土壤重金属含量特征及来源解析

为探明西江流域农田土壤重金属污染分布特征及主要影响因素,采集2 187个农田土壤样品,测试其重金属含量.采用地统计理论与GIS空间插值相结合的方法研究重金属元素的空间结构和分布特征;利用潜在生态风险指数作风险评估;采用相关性分析和主成分分析等多元统计方法解析重金属来源.结果表明,西江流域农田土壤7种重金属元素在土壤中均有一定程度的富集,其中重金属Cd富集情况最为明显,独立样本T检验结果显示,旱地土壤与水田土壤重金属含量存在显著差异(P0.05),水田土壤Cd含量显著高于相应旱地土壤;西江流域农田土壤Cd存在较高的潜在生态风险.相关分析和主成分分析结果显示,土壤中Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Cu的富集是由矿业活动、交通和污水灌溉等人为因素引起的,Ni和Cr则受成土母质等自然因素影响较大.从空间分布上看,流域上游As、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu高含量区均分布于刁江流域及大环江流域,其中Cd高值分布范围最广,南丹县大厂车河地区高值样点最为密集,说明矿区活动给当地农田土壤造成了一定程度的重金属污染.     

上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析

面源是城市水体的主要污染来源之一,其负荷强度及时空分布特征对于城市水环境污染防治具有重要意义.以上海市淀北片为研究区域,选择漕河泾为代表性汇水单元,按照屋面、路面、绿地3种下垫面,于2015年期间进行大、中、小3种雨型的径流-水质同步监测,分析降雨径流特性和面源污染负荷强度,并结合GIS估算区域面源污染负荷的空间分布.结果表明:淀北片CODMn、TP、TN、NH3-N年径流污染负荷强度均值分别为385.40、4.07、57.22、11.22 kg·hm-2·a-1,总体强度较大;屋面和路面径流污染负荷均具有一定程度的初期冲刷效应,对初期55%径流采取截流措施可有效控制60%~70%的面源污染负荷;根据受纳水体河道的空间拓扑,对研究区域进行汇水单元划分,并考虑雨型对污染物EMC(事件平均浓度)的影响,可更精确地估算城市面源污染负荷及其对城市河道的影响,为城市河道水环境治理提供污染负荷来源信息,从而对河道及城市面源污染进行高效而有针对性的治理.     

三姑泉域岩溶地下水分布特征及子系统识别

通过地质学、岩溶动力学、构造学、地球物理勘探、流体动力学、水文地质试验、水文地球化学及同位素分析等方法,分析了三姑泉域岩溶地下水赋存与富集规律,阐明了可溶岩与构造对岩溶地下水分布的控制;采用多种手段联合方法对三姑泉域的地下水子系统进行了识别。共划分了东丹河、丹河、高平-晋城、赵庄四个地下水子系统。每个子系统内都发育强径流带,径流带内物探结果显示低电阻率,水化学显示低TDS,同位素显示高δ~(18)O、δD值,子系统边界上则呈现了高电阻率,高TDS及低δ~(18)O、δD值的特征。多种研究方法相互印证结论一致,提高了地下水子系统识别的准确度。     

湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的水文水化学动态特征初步研究——以贵州施秉黄洲河流域为例

利用水文水化学自动监测仪,于2018年5月18日至2018年12月3日期间对地处湿润亚热带季风气候条件下的贵州省施秉世界自然遗产地境内的黄洲河白云岩小流域进行了高时间分辨率的连续监测,目的是为了揭示湿润亚热带季风气候区典型白云岩小流域不同时间尺度与不同降雨强度下水文水化学动态特征。研究获得了黄洲河白云岩小流域的降雨量、出口流量、水温、电导率、pH、方解石及白云石饱和指数、CO_2分压等连续数据。结果表明:(1)黄洲河流域出口河水的pH、电导率、CO_2分压、方解石及白云石饱和指数等指标具有明显的日周期变化规律,即水温、pH、方解石及白云石饱和指数与气温的昼夜周期变化曲线相似,而电导率、CO_2分压与气温的日周期变化曲线相反;(2)黄洲河流域出口河水的水化学指标对不同强度的降雨会产生不同变幅与变化方向的响应特征,暴雨会显著干扰河水水化学指标的日周期变化规律,主要表现在随着降雨强度的增大,电导率与CO_2分压呈现显著下降;(3)白云岩流域具有明显的化学稳态行为。