基于失效模式的船体典型加筋板极限承载能力预报

目的 探究失效模式对加筋板极限承载能力的影响,并提出加筋板极限承载能力预报方法。方法 利用非线性有限元法,对某典型船体加筋板模型进行分析。考虑加筋柔度与甲板柔度2种主要影响因素,分析加筋板的破坏机理,明确不同失效模式下甲板柔度与加筋柔度对加筋板极限承载能力的影响规律,并提出不同失效模式下加筋板极限承载能力的经验公式。结果 甲板柔度一定时,随着加筋柔度的增加,加筋板的破坏模式由板与加筋的局部屈曲,变为板格的局部屈曲,最后演变为加筋板的整体梁柱屈曲。板格宽度较低时,随着加筋高度的增加,加筋板的破坏模式会由梁柱屈曲变为板格屈曲;板格宽度较大时,不同加筋高度的加筋板破坏模式均为板格屈曲。不同失效模式下,加筋板的载荷位移曲线也呈现出不同的趋势。结论 加筋柔度与甲板柔度二者之间的数量关系会导致加筋板呈现出不同的失效模式,此时二者对加筋板极限承载能力的影响规律会有所不同。此外,在设计阶段,需保证加筋与甲板的刚度匹配,避免出现材料利用率过低的现象。     

双线盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路的地表沉降预测模型研究*

为指导隧道盾构下穿既有建构筑物施工的变形控制,考虑隧道收敛模式和复合地层主要影响角的影响,以双线圆形盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路为例,构建圆形隧道地层主要影响角计算方法,改进传统Peck公式,分析盾构斜交角、盾构坡角和隆起偏角的共同影响,引入地层损失率几何修正系数,并利用叠加原理建立双线盾构隧道斜交下穿既有机场高速公路的地表沉降预测模型,依托实际工程对预测模型的工程适用性进行验证。研究结果表明:本文预测模型的整体精度相比Suwansawat等预测模型提升44.15％,可预测施工影响范围内任意点的地表沉降值,相比现有模型更适用于解决双线盾构隧道斜交下穿施工的地表沉降预测问题,可为类似工程中的地表沉降变形预测及控制提供指导。     

SBR法处理高盐肝素废水运行参数优化研究

采用SBR法处理高盐肝素钠生产废水,探讨了曝气时间、进水p H、温度等参数对COD和氨氮降解效果及污泥生长的影响。结果表明,控制曝气时间为10 h、进水p H为7.5、反应温度在26~29℃时,COD和氨氮去除率均能稳定在85%以上;对氨氮去除效果较差的反应器,适当添加K+、Ca2+、Mg2+可以取得一定的改善作用,其中K+对Na+和NH4+双重毒性抑制的拮抗效应最明显;经参数优化后的SBR反应器对不同污泥负荷和盐度负荷具有较好的适应能力,受到冲击后COD和氨氮去除率均能在2~3个运行周期内恢复至90%以上。     

15℃ SBBR短程硝化快速启动和稳定运行性能

本文通过控制C/N研究了15℃序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)低氨氮污水短程硝化工艺的快速启动和稳定运行性能.结果表明,启动运行60个周期C/N为1. 5时成功快速启动短程硝化,C/N为0和3时快速启动失败;荧光原位杂交和激光共聚焦显微镜联用技术(FISH-CLSM)结果表明,生物膜载体在C/N为1. 5时成功富集氨氧化菌(AOB),C/N为0和3时,几乎没有AOB与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的存在;启动成功的短程硝化在运行过程中可以不加入碳源,但投加适量的碳源可提升硝化性能,对短程硝化的稳定运行更有利.本实验在高溶解氧(DO)(约9 mg·L~(-1))下成功启动短程硝化,稳定运行过程中平均DO维持为6. 5 mg·L~(-1)左右,成功将实现短程硝化的DO值从低浓度解离出来.反应器内充足甚至过量的NH_4~+-N可以有效抑制NOB的生长,保证短程硝化的稳定运行. 15℃工况下,全量亚硝化工艺更适合处理高氨氮负荷的污水,而半量亚硝化更适合降解低氨氮污水.     

压剪混合型硅橡胶减振器动态高温工作特性

目的 归纳出高温范围内减振系统动态性能随温度变化的关系.方法 通过在特定温度条件下使用正弦扫频以及半正弦冲击试验,测试一系列压剪型橡胶减振器振动以及冲击性能,使用最小二乘法拟合得到此类减振器多个振动冲击性能与温度关系的经验公式.结果 在低于橡胶材料热分解温度的前提下,短期内压剪型橡胶减振器的动态工作特征与工作温度有关,与温度历程无关,均可表示为温度的三参数函数.结论 随着温度的升高,一阶谐振频率(ωT)以及冲击响应幅值的绝对值(GT)遵循一阶指数衰减函数关系,放大倍数(DT)与温度则遵循S型函数关系.     

Enhancing nitrogen removal from low carbon to nitrogen ratio wastewater by using a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor

Removing nitrogen from wastewater with low chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (COD/TN) ratio is a difficult task due to the insufficient carbon source available for denitrification. Therefore, in the present work, a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor (NSBBR) was developed to enhance the nitrogen removal from wastewater with low COD/TN ratio. The NSBBR was divided into two units separated by a vertical clapboard. Alternate feeding and aeration was performed in the two units, which created an anoxic unit with rich substrate content and an aeration unit deficient in substrate simultaneously. Therefore, the utilization of the influent carbon source for denitrification was increased, leading to higher TN removal compared to conventional SBBR (CSBBR) operation. The results show that the CSBBR removed up to 76.8%, 44.5% and 10.4% of TN, respectively, at three tested COD/TN ratios (9.0, 4.8 and 2.5). In contrast, the TN removal of the NSBBR could reach 81.9%, 60.5% and 26.6%, respectively, at the corresponding COD/TN ratios. Therefore, better TN removal performance could be achieved in the NSBBR, especially at low COD/TN ratios (4.8 and 2.5). Furthermore, it is easy to upgrade a CSBBR into an NSBBR in practice.     

双线地铁隧道下穿管道安全性对比研究

地铁与燃气管道等高危管道均为线性工程,地铁隧道下穿管道的情况不可避免,一旦因地铁施工导致管道泄漏,后果难以承受,管道沉降值是考量其安全性的关键指标。为对双线盾构地铁隧道下穿管线安全性进行预测,采用修正的Peck公式理论方法进行计算,并与数值模拟结果相对比,研究结果表明:双线盾构地铁隧道下穿管道安全风险可控,修正Peck公式及数值模拟法均能较真实地描绘地表以下任意土层的沉降槽曲线,进而可以比较准确地计算土体竖向沉降,可作为一种用于计算隧道开挖所引起管道竖向位移的方法。     

Effect of wastewater COD/N ratio on aerobic nitrifying sludge granulation and microbial population shift

The effect of COD/N ratio on the granulation process and microbial population succession was investigated. Four identical sequencing batch reactors, R1, R2, R3 and R4, were operated with various initial COD/N ratios ranging from 0/200 to 800/200 (m/m). Ethanol was fed as the source of COD. Aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R2 and R3, operating with the COD/N ratio of 200/200 and 400/200, respectively. Scanning electron microscope observations indicated that short rod-shaped and spherical bacteria were dominant in R2, while granules produced in R3 were surrounded with a large amount of filamentous bacteria. The average specific nitritation rate in R2 and R3 were 0.019 and 0.008 mg N/(mg MLVSS.hr), respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization results demonstrated that nitrifying bacteria population was enriched remarkably in R2. It indicated that nitrification ability and nitrifying bacteria population were enriched remarkably at low COD/N ratio. However, no granules were formed in R1 and R4 which might attribute to either limited or excessive extracellular polymeric substances production. This study contributed to a better understanding of the role of COD/N ratio in nitrifying sludge granulation.     

Biodegradation of p-cresol by aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor

The cultivation of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor for the biodegradation of p-cresol was studied. The reactor was started with 100 mg/L of p-cresol. Aerobic granules first appeared within one month of start up. The granules were large and strong and had a compact structure. The diameter of stable granules was in the range of 1-5 mm. The integrity coefficient and granules density was found to be 96% and 1046 kg/m³, respectively. The settling velocity of granules was found to be in the range of 2× 10^-2-6× 10^-2 m/sec. The aerobic granules were able to degrade p-cresol upto 800 mg/L at a removal efficiency of 88%. Specific p-cresol degradation rate in aerobic granules followed Haldane model for substrate inhibition. High specific p-cresol degradation rate up to 0.96 g p-cresol/(g VSS. day) were sustained upto p-cresol concentration of 400 mg/L. Higher removal efficiency, good settling characteristics of aerobic granules, makes sequencing batch reactor suitable for enhancing the microorganism potential for biodegradation of inhibitory compounds.     

活性污泥低温氨氧化功能的驯化与潜力研究

以强化低温污水生物处理系统的氨氮(NH4+-N)氧化功能为目标,采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR),通过逐步提高进水NH4+-N浓度的方式,在(15±1)℃的条件下对城镇污水处理厂的好氧活性污泥进行了驯化培育,并就其对生活污水和高氨氮废水的NH4+-N去除潜力进行了测试.结果表明,在(15±1)℃下,好氧活性污泥经适当驯化可获得良好的氨氧化能力.在初始NH4+-N浓度为46mg·L-1左右时,其NH4+-N去除速率和亚硝态氮(NO2--N)生成速率分别可达54.26g·kg-·1d-1(以MLSS计,下同)和29.07g·kg-·1d-1(以MLSS计,下同)左右.对NH4+-N浓度为47.19mg·L-1左右的城镇污水,其NH4+-N去除率可高达85%以上.初始NH4+-N浓度分别为91.01mg·L-1和163.37mg·L-1左右时,其最高NH4+-N去除速率分别可达52.54g·kg-·1d-1和111.97g·kg-·1d-1,具有处理高氨氮废水的潜力.