Calculating ecological carrying capacity of shellfish aquaculture using mass-balance modeling: Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

Increasing growth in the aquaculture industry demands ecosystem-based techniques for management if that growth is to be ecologically sustainable and promote equity among users of the ecosystems in which it occurs. Models of carrying capacity can be used to responsibly limit the growth of aquaculture in increasingly crowded coastal areas. Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA is one such crowded coastal region experiencing a rapid increase in bivalve aquaculture. An ecosystem mass-balance model was used to calculate the ecological carrying capacity of bivalve aquaculture. Cultured oyster biomass is currently at 0.47 t km⁻² and could be increased 625 times without exceeding the ecological carrying capacity of 297 t km⁻². This translates to approximately 38,950 t of harvested cultured oysters annually which is 4 times the total estimated annual harvest of finfish. This potential for growth is due to the high primary productivity and large energy throughput to detritus of this ecosystem. Shellfish aquaculture has potential for continued growth and is unlikely to become food limited due, in part, to the large detritus pool.     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

含缺陷圆轴结构极限承载规律研究

目的 研究车辆传动轴在受损情况下极限承载能力的变化规律。方法 在圆轴上预制缺陷,并对含缺陷圆轴结构承受扭转载荷的能力进行试验和数值模拟研究。结果 当圆孔缺陷深径比保持不变时,圆轴极限扭矩下降比随圆孔缺陷孔径比的增加而减小;当圆孔缺陷孔径比保持不变时,圆轴极限扭矩下降比随圆孔缺陷深径比的增加而减小。当深径比大于0.4时,圆轴极限扭矩下降比与圆孔缺陷孔径比近似呈负线性相关。当缺陷孔径比大于0.4、深径比大于0.2时,圆轴最大扭角减小为15°~35°,各存在缺陷的圆轴的最大扭角差距不大。结论 圆轴扭转失效时,其最大扭角、极限扭矩与圆孔缺陷孔径比、深径比整体均呈负相关趋势。在孔径比和深径比逐渐增大的过程中,极限扭矩呈近似线性关系逐渐降低,而最大扭角先急剧减小,后逐渐趋于平稳。     

2017年春季常州HONO观测及对大气氧化能力影响的评估

本研究于2017年4月在江苏省常州市环境监测中心使用一套基于湿化学法的仪器对大气中的HONO进行了实时在线观测,HONO浓度范围在0.2～13.9μg·m~(-3)之间,平均值为(2.9±2.3)μg·m~(-3);同时,对O_3、 HCHO、 VOCs、光解频率以及气象参数进行了同步监测.利用MCM箱体模式模拟得到白天·OH浓度最大值范围在1.0×10~6～1.4×10~7个·cm~(-3)之间.同时结合观测结果与模式模拟结果计算了HONO、 O_3、 HCHO和H_2O_2的光解以及烯烃臭氧化反应对·OH的生成速率,定量表征大气氧化性,揭示了这5种来源对大气氧化能力的影响:整体上O_3光解(46.4%)HONO光解(41.1%)烯烃臭氧化反应(10.9%)HCHO光解(1.5%)H_2O_2光解(0.1%);清晨时HONO光解对·OH生成起主要作用,之后随着O_3浓度的增加,O_3光解对·OH的贡献占主导地位;在17:00之后,由于太阳光解频率显著降低,烯烃臭氧化反应对·OH生成有主要贡献;甲醛与过氧化氢的光解对·OH的贡献可忽略.     

不同沉水植物净水能力与植株体细菌群落组成相关性

选取苦草(Vallisneria natans)、密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、伊乐藻(Elodea canadensis)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)和微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)这8种亚热带地区常见的沉水植物为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮、磷吸收和水质净化能力进行对比试验,并结合16S rRNA基因测序对沉水植物关联细菌群落组成进行测定,研究沉水植物对水体的净化能力与植株体菌群之间的相关性.结果表明,8种沉水植物对水体中的氮磷的去除主要通过植物增效作用,植物吸收富集作用去除率较低.其中密刺苦草对水体中TN、TP的去除率最高,达到了91. 58%和96. 81%.伊乐藻、金鱼藻对水中氮磷自身吸收能力高于其他组,密刺苦草和苦草的植物增效的净化能力最强.经分析,8种沉水植物对水体中氮磷的净化能力较强可能是因为植物关联的细菌大多具有降解作用.根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)、产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)、贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillales)的细菌可能是引起密刺苦草增效的净化能力较强的优势菌群,异常球菌纲(Deinococci)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)、腐螺旋菌科(Saprospiraceae)和生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)的细菌可能是引起苦草增效的净化能力较强的优势菌群.     

环渤海芦苇湿地磷的吸附容量及释放风险评估

滨海湿地地处陆海交汇的关键带,是磷的"汇"、"源"和"转化器",在全球磷循环过程中扮演着十分重要的角色,其对水体磷素的截留能力日益受到关注.本文以环渤海地区芦苇湿地沉积物为研究对象,利用批处理实验研究了湿地磷的吸附容量和释放风险.结果表明,湿地沉积物磷的最大吸附容量（Q_max）为693.7~2117.2 mg·kg^-1,平均值为1468.6 mg·kg^-1,Q_max的大小顺序为七里海湿地 > 北大港湿地 > 南大港湿地 > 辽河三角洲湿地 > 寿光滨海湿地 > 黄河三角洲湿地.环渤海湿地沉积物磷吸附主要受Ca、Mg和TOC含量的影响.环渤海湿地磷吸附饱和度（DPS）和释放风险指数（ERI）分别为0.28%~4.50%和0.53%~10.10%,结果表明除寿光滨海湿地磷释放风险为中度风险外,其它湿地磷释放风险较低.总之,环渤海地区芦苇湿地沉积物具有较强磷吸附能力,沉积物为水体磷的"汇",沉积物释磷风险较低.建议在环渤海污染治理过程中充分发挥滨海湿地对磷的净化拦截作用,以降低陆源污染对近海水环境的影响.     

景区动态承载力估算方法及其应用

景区承载力是旅游学研究的重要领域,由于现有景区承载力估算模型以景区由“均质的可游览空间”构成为假设前提,通过面积和游客单位游览面积进行景区承载力的估算,未涉及游客进入景区游览行为的动态性。由于游客不能瞬时填满整个景区,景区承载力具有时空特性,故建立景区动态承载力计算的概念模型,并构建以停留区、通道以及出入口等要素为空间实体的网络结构逻辑模型,从而提出基于网络结构的景区动态承载力估算方法,选取南京总统府景区作为实验区域,验证所提出的模型和算法。将地理信息科学应用于旅游管理,有利于确定景区承载力的具体量化水平,使景区管理分时管控措施得到有效发挥,进而促进旅游景区实现更高质量的经济社会效益。     

基于胡焕庸线波动的长江经济带水资源环境承载力动态演变特征

基于水资源生态足迹模型,对长江经济带2010—2018年131个地区水资源生态足迹与生态承载力进行研究,并用GIS可视化揭示和探讨长江经济带水资源时空特征。研究发现： （1）胡焕庸线假说在长江经济带区域成立;（2）长江经济带人均水资源生态盈余状况在胡焕庸线以西区域最好,胡焕庸线与胡焕庸亚线之间次之,胡焕庸亚线以东最差;（3）长江经济带胡焕庸线以西区域人均水资源承载力均值、水资源承载力均值在三个区域中最大;（4）长江经济带各地区历年万元GDP生态足迹呈减小趋势,水资源利用率逐年提高;（5）长江经济带历年平均水资源负载指数呈上升趋势,水资源压力逐年上升。研究结果有助于长江经济带水资源综合管理,为水资源的调控及使用提供量化依据。     

Climate change collaboration among natural resource management agencies: lessons learned from two US regions

It has been argued that regional collaboration can facilitate adaptation to climate change impacts through integrated planning and management. In an attempt to understand the underlying institutional factors that either support or contest this assumption, this paper explores the institutional factors influencing adaptation to climate change at the regional scale, where multiple public land and natural resource management jurisdictions are involved. Insights from two mid-western US case studies reveal that several challenges to collaboration persist and prevent fully integrative multi-jurisdictional adaptation planning at a regional scale. We propose that some of these challenges, such as lack of adequate time, funding and communication channels, be reframed as opportunities to build interdependence, identify issue-linkages and collaboratively explore the nature and extent of organisational trade-offs with respect to regional climate change adaptation efforts. Such a reframing can better facilitate multi-jurisdictional adaptation planning and management of shared biophysical resources generally while simultaneously enhancing organisational capacity to mitigate negative effects and take advantage of potentially favourable future conditions in an era characterised by rapid climate change.     

蛮河流域水环境容量与水污染防治对策研究

针对蛮河流域水环境污染严重的状况,在流域水质现状评价的基础上,以水环境容量为依据,制定了流域水污染物总量控制方案;并结合实际情况,提出了流域水污染防治的具体措施,指出水环境容量研究是流域水污染物总量控制的基础,实施总量控制是防治水环境污染的有效途径和重要保障。