Effects of Population Size on Singing Behavior of a Rare Duetting Songbird

Although the genetic and ecological effects of population declines in endangered species have been well studied, little is known of the social consequences. Changes in signaling behavior may result in disrupted communication and affect both reproductive and conflict‐resolution activities. The North Island Kōkako (Callaeas wilsoni) is an endangered, duetting (i.e., alternating, coordinated singing by mated pairs) songbird endemic to New Zealand temperate rain forests. Scattered populations (approximately 1500 individuals in 13 surviving and 11 translocated populations) in isolated conservation areas of different sizes have been rescued from extirpation and are currently recovering. We examined key song attributes of the Kōkako to assess whether population size or growth rate are related to song complexity, the reduction of which may compromise effective communication. We analyzed song repertoire size and phrase‐type sharing (i.e., Jaccard index of similarity), vocal performance (singing rates, song switching rates, and diversity of phrase types), and song syntactical characteristics (i.e., unpredictability in sequences of phrase types) in surviving and translocated populations (populations of approximately 19–250 territorial individuals). Population size was positively correlated with a population's song repertoire, song diversity, and switching of song phrase types and negatively correlated with shared phrase types and variation in syntactical structure of songs. Population growth rate correlated positively with pair repertoire size, population repertoire size, and singing rates during song bouts. As for solo‐singing species in fragmented landscapes, songs in the fragmented populations of Kōkako appear to be undergoing microevolution as occurs in island colonization events. Our results suggest that vocal changes in small populations could affect population establishment and growth, particularly in multiple‐source translocations. We believe measurement of vocal behavior could be used as a supplement to periodic population censuses to allow more frequent monitoring of population size. Efectos de la Conducta de Canto sobre el Tamaño Poblacional de una Ave Canora Rara     

炼油厂行为安全体系实施和维护

本文是以价值为中心基于小组的行为安全体系在炼油厂实施的案例跟踪调查研究。员工安全小组定义了炼油厂安全价值和并制定了用于指导体系设计和实施的相关原则。行为安全体系包括:(a)安全评估;(b)安全相关价值和相关实践的说明;(c)程序设计和执行概观;(d)安全观察培训;(e)反馈、认可和庆典;(f)程序维护。20年来的数据统计及分析,印证行为安全体系对记录在案、工时损失等安全事件及相关直接成本具有长期效应。行为安全体系实施的8年中,记录在案安全事件降低81%,工时损失的案例减少了79%,年工人赔偿成本下降97%。本文纳入对炼油厂副总裁的采访内容,主要是为读者展示行为安全体系对炼油厂安全文化的影响。     

Estimating the population size with a behavioral response in capture-recapture experiment

A new estimating procedure is suggested to estimate the population size in a capture-recapture experiment. The capture intensities for first-capture and recapture are allowed to be different and time dependent but they are assumed to be proportional. It is shown that the information on the proportionality constant is crucial to the estimation of the population size. Sensitivity analysis with a misspecification of the proportionality constant is conducted. The method has also been extended to the case with an unknown proportionality. A real example is given.     

农业巨灾影响下农民风险态度的行为经济学分析

通过借鉴行为经济学前景理论分析框架,构建了判定农业巨灾风险下农民风险态度的抽象模型。分析表明,面对农业巨灾风险,由于外界环境的不确定和信息不对称等因素的影响,农民对农业巨灾风险的认知能力不足,有限理性的实现程度偏低。同时,受非贝叶斯法则、代表性法则、锚定效应、从众行为和框架效应等的外界偏差性行为显著干扰的情况下,农民非理性选择很大程度上会主导个体的行为,农民极易出现风险偏好的倾向。     

水环境中重金属铜暴露下青鳉鱼的行为响应

本研究采用生物行为传感器监测青鳉鱼重金属铜暴露下的行为数据,分析不同暴露浓度(20、10、5、1和0.1 TU)下青鳉鱼的行为响应。20、10、5、1和0.1 TU的暴露浓度下青鳉鱼对重金属污染的行为反应模式符合环境胁迫阈值模型,且不同浓度梯度重金属对青鳉鱼产生不同的行为毒性效应。通过本研究,利用重金属作用下青鳉鱼的行为变化来研究重金属环境胁迫导致的生物行为响应机制,从而得到重金属暴露下生物行为的实时变化过程和趋势,可对水环境生态系统质量进行综合评价。     

马拉硫磷急性暴露对斑马鱼的行为毒性研究

以斑马鱼为受试生物,通过水质毒性生物监测仪记录行为轨迹,研究了亚致死浓度的马拉硫磷急性暴露下斑马鱼游动行为和群体分布等多项行为参数的变化。结果表明:斑马鱼对环境变化响应快速,游动速度短时间内急剧增大,之后下降再调整稳定至一定范围,变化趋势符合环境压力模型。游泳高度不断增大,暴露1 h后斑马鱼几乎全部集中到水箱上部,与暴露前水平差异显著。通讯行为参数平均距离和分散度在暴露后短时间内减小之后恢复到暴露前水平。通过解析斑马鱼的行为变化可以实现水体有机磷农药突发污染的早期预警。     

行为经济学视角的农民工隐性户籍墙分析

20世纪70年代滞涨后,大量无法解释应对的现实问题让人们意识到,主流经济学关于人的基本假设存在不足,在经济研究中结合人的心理的探讨是必要的。为解释现实中农民工不积极申请积分制入户,文章利用二元Logistic模型对武汉市数据进行了分析,并基于行为经济学中的失望/后悔效应、牺牲陷阱、偏见与错觉理论解释了结果,提出作为户籍制度衍生的社会屏蔽,隐性户籍墙应囊括由二元户籍导致的对农民和市民在社会生活一切方面的歧视,其对农民工农转非选择的作用不仅在于这些客观歧视,还在于农民工面对歧视时的主观心理。改革开放后,我国大规模的人口流动持续至今,未来相当长的时期内还会日趋活跃,尤以农民工的流动突出,凸显农民工市民化的重要性。当前,农民工对市民化的犹豫不愿意,反映户籍改革及其配套制度的建立完善不到位,其与促进农民工市民化、城镇化、实现城乡一体化的要求尚有差距。     

交通安全管理应对城乡交通一体化建设对策分析——以阜阳城区交通为例

以阜阳为例,分析城乡交通一体化建设给阜阳城区交通安全管理带来的挑战,通过对阜阳市城区路网结构、交通参与者的交通安全意识和交通安全管理压力3个方面的实地调查,得出传统交通管理模式已不能满足城乡交通一体化建设带来的新交通形势需要的结论。在借鉴国外发达国家交通安全管理对策的基础上,提出应对城乡交通一体化建设的交通安全管理策略:挖掘路网潜能治理混合交通策略、城乡交通一体化建设针对性管理策略和发展智能交通系统实现交通安全管理升级策略,使交通安全管理能够有效应对城乡一体化建设带来的各种挑战。     

Screening of a potential leafhopper attractants and their applications in tea plantations

Abstract

Pheromones can be used as leafhopper attractants. However, commercial pheromone products, such as the Ingle lure, have certain limitations, including poor persistence in the field. In this study, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-ocimene, linalool, and geraniol were selected and behaviorally tested as potential leafhopper attractants. Y-tube olfactometer tests showed that the C2 formulation was more effective than other formulations. In tea field trials, the number of leafhoppers caught by sticky board traps baited with C2 lures was greater than that caught by treatment. The number of leafhoppers attracted by the C2 lures was greater than that attracted by the commercial Ingle lures. Additionally, the total amount of active C2 components on lures was greater than that of the active components on the lure after 14 days. Thus, the results indicated that the C2 formulation may attract leafhoppers and have a greater persistence than other formulations in tea field.     

MEASURING IMPACTS OF URBAN WATER DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT The role of water resources in the urban economic and social environment, particularly in the inner city, has never been established to the degree necessary for making informed decisions on investments in urban waterway and shoreline improvements. The basic tools for measuring psychological and social impacts of waterway and shoreline developments in the inner city have not been fully developed and utilized to date. However, through a detailed analysis of the water resources in the urban core area of Cleveland, it appears that deliberate development of water-based recreation and other environmental resources can lead to improvement in some of the social problems of the inner city. In recreation analysis, there is currently a great gap between methodologies that are conceptually sound and those that have been applied by urban and water-resources planning agencies. New tools and methodologies can only be used successfully when public agencies are given the institutional and policy means for using them equitably in light of social needs. Present urban-water planning practices have been found to be biased against the inner city, often unintentionally.