氰戊菊酯和氯化镉暴露下日本青鳉的行为反应差异

以天然河流中的日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)行为变化规律为基础,采用水质安全在线生物预警系统(BEWs-1.1)对氰戊菊酯和氯化镉暴露下日本青鳉的行为反应进行了探讨.结果表明:1)在源水中,日本青鳉行为反应具有明显规律性,并表现出生物钟现象;2)氰戊菊酯和氯化镉连续暴露和间断暴露中,日本青鳉行为反应与污染物浓度和暴露时间均直接相关,并表现出相似的行为变化规律性,行为变化均符合生物行为的环境胁迫阈模型;3)高浓度(10mg·L-1)氯化镉间断暴露下的日本青鳉行为强度变化与低浓度(2mg·L-1)连续暴露下的行为强度变化差别不明显,而高浓度(10mg·L-1)氰戊菊酯间断暴露下的日本青鳉行为强度变化与低浓度(2mg·L-1)连续暴露时具有明显差异,高浓度暴露时产生了明显的行为毒性效应;4)器官损伤性污染物(如镉)引起的行为毒性效应在重新加入源水后可以得到部分恢复,而神经损伤性污染物(如氰戊菊酯)不可恢复,污染物不同的作用机理会影响水生生物的行为反应.     

A new context-based approach to assess marine mammal behavioral responses to anthropogenic sounds

Acute effects of anthropogenic sounds on marine mammals, such as from military sonars, energy development, and offshore construction, have received considerable international attention from scientists, regulators, and industry. Moreover, there has been increasing recognition and concern about the potential chronic effects of human activities (e.g., shipping). It has been demonstrated that increases in human activity and background noise can alter habitats of marine animals and potentially mask communications for species that rely on sound to mate, feed, avoid predators, and navigate. Without exception, regulatory agencies required to assess and manage the effects of noise on marine mammals have addressed only the acute effects of noise on hearing and behavior. Furthermore, they have relied on a single exposure metric to assess acute effects: the absolute sound level received by the animal. There is compelling evidence that factors other than received sound level, including the activity state of animals exposed to different sounds, the nature and novelty of a sound, and spatial relations between sound source and receiving animals (i.e., the exposure context) strongly affect the probability of a behavioral response. A more comprehensive assessment method is needed that accounts for the fact that multiple contextual factors can affect how animals respond to both acute and chronic noise. We propose a three-part approach. The first includes measurement and evaluation of context-based behavioral responses of marine mammals exposed to various sounds. The second includes new assessment metrics that emphasize relative sound levels (i.e., ratio of signal to background noise and level above hearing threshold). The third considers the effects of chronic and acute noise exposure. All three aspects of sound exposure (context, relative sound level, and chronic noise) mediate behavioral response, and we suggest they be integrated into ecosystem-level management and the spatial planning of human offshore activities.     

企业安全文化管理技术体系理论与实践探讨

为推动企业安全文化建设,实现不同群体行为安全整体协同发展,应用协同理论、自适应性管理及行为安全等方法,架构了企业安全文化管理技术体系。该技术体系强调安全文化整体提升需要外部推动力(企业例行的安全管理制度)及内部自驱力(员工安全文化自律提升)协同发展,最终实现由外部推动力向内部自驱力的转化。将构建的技术体系引入试点矿进行有效性验证,并运行2个周期。运行评估结果表明,试点矿不同群体对安全文化意识均呈整体提升,增长幅度比较大的是高层管理者(55.13%),其次是中层管理者(4.74%),一线员工层(4.48%)、培训层(3.69%)。     

Site Tenacity in the Willow Ptarmigan (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lagopus lagopus</Emphasis> L.) in the Northern Yamal Peninsula

The return of willow ptarmigans to the sites in which they nested the previous year has been studied using color banding. No factors influencing the return index have been revealed, except for its dependence in males on the time when spring begins in a given year. In northernYamal, in contrast to the temperate zone, some surviving birds fail to return to their former nesting sites. Polymorphism of individuals with respect to territorial behavioral strategy is proposed for L. lagopus populations at the northern boundary of the species range.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 215–221.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Tarasov.     

MEASURING IMPACTS OF URBAN WATER DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT The role of water resources in the urban economic and social environment, particularly in the inner city, has never been established to the degree necessary for making informed decisions on investments in urban waterway and shoreline improvements. The basic tools for measuring psychological and social impacts of waterway and shoreline developments in the inner city have not been fully developed and utilized to date. However, through a detailed analysis of the water resources in the urban core area of Cleveland, it appears that deliberate development of water-based recreation and other environmental resources can lead to improvement in some of the social problems of the inner city. In recreation analysis, there is currently a great gap between methodologies that are conceptually sound and those that have been applied by urban and water-resources planning agencies. New tools and methodologies can only be used successfully when public agencies are given the institutional and policy means for using them equitably in light of social needs. Present urban-water planning practices have been found to be biased against the inner city, often unintentionally.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌BtZ01对小鼠胚胎和胚后发育的影响

为了探讨苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)Bt Z01对小鼠胚胎发育和胚后生长发育的影响,将48只孕鼠随机分组,试验组饲喂浓度分别为106CFU·m L-1、108CFU·m L-1、5×109CFU·m L-1的Bt Z01菌液,并设灭菌水为对照组。采用行为致畸学方法检查Bt Z01对小鼠胚胎和胚后发育的影响并制作脏器切片,测量脏器指数等指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组小鼠在胚胎和胚后发育各阶段体重和体长无显著差异(P0.05),胚胎畸形发生率无增加,骨骼染色观察发现高剂量组小鼠后囟门显著大于其他3组(P0.05)。18 d与48 d小鼠部分脏器指数存在显著差异,但病理切片观察发现仅高剂量组肾脏有病变发生。试验结果表明,苏云金芽孢杆菌Bt Z01在浓度为108CFU·m L-1及以下时对小鼠胚胎发育及胚后生长发育无不良影响。     

摄入负载镉生物炭对斑马鱼的异常行为分析

为了评估生物炭对镉的固定能力,以负载镉生物炭为研究对象,构建大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)-斑马鱼(Zebrafish)的简单食物链,试验周期包括14 d的积累期和7 d的净化期.通过描述鱼群实验(Shoaling)、社会偏好实验(Social Preference)行为变化及斑马鱼中镉的富集量来评估负载镉生物炭的生物毒性.结果表明,在积累期摄入负载镉生物炭会显著抑制斑马鱼的运动能力,而摄入未负载镉生物炭对斑马鱼的活动无明显影响.摄入负载镉生物炭也导致群体偏好显著降低,表现为斑马鱼在社会区域内停留的时间变短,鱼群之间的距离增大.净化期中,斑马鱼的运动能力得到显著提升,同时表现出群聚性的特征.此外,斑马鱼肠道内的镉含量与其行为表现呈显著相关性.生物炭的固定作用和排泄导致不同剂量组斑马鱼肠道内的镉含量相近并缓解了镉在斑马鱼身体内的迁移.本研究揭示负载镉生物炭会破坏斑马鱼的社会行为,但生物炭的固定能力能缓解这种异常变化.     

苏北沿海地区农户耕地利用行为意愿及影响因素分析

随着快速城市化以及农村劳动力转移,长三角区域欠发达地区乡村耕地资源利用呈现新特征,从主体角度开展该区域耕地资源利用研究对乡村治理以及农业高质量发展具有重要影响。以江苏盐城和南通为例,通过问卷调查以及结构方程模型,分析农户耕地资源利用行为意向及影响因素。结果表明：苏北沿海地区不同耕地规模农户的耕地利用行为意向存在显著性差异。农户耕地资源利用行为意愿主要直接受到农户户主个人及家庭特征和耕地资源禀赋特征两个因素影响,政策认知以及技术与资金使用对其产生间接影响且程度较弱。苏北沿海地区乡村治理过程中亟需进一步开展农户分类管理与引导,促进耕地适度规模化经营,加强农户技能与政策培训,探索农业服务新模式,促进耕地资源精准管理、农业高质量发展以及乡村振兴等目标实现。