Site Tenacity in the Willow Ptarmigan (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lagopus lagopus</Emphasis> L.) in the Northern Yamal Peninsula

The return of willow ptarmigans to the sites in which they nested the previous year has been studied using color banding. No factors influencing the return index have been revealed, except for its dependence in males on the time when spring begins in a given year. In northernYamal, in contrast to the temperate zone, some surviving birds fail to return to their former nesting sites. Polymorphism of individuals with respect to territorial behavioral strategy is proposed for L. lagopus populations at the northern boundary of the species range.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 215–221.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Tarasov.     

Landscape Character and Fish Assemblage Structure and Function in Western Lake Superior Streams: General Relationships and Identification of Thresholds

As part of a comparative watershed project investigating land-cover/land-use disturbance gradients for streams in the western Lake Superior Basin, we examined general relationships between landscape character and fish assemblage structure and function. We also examined the shape of those relationships to identify discontinuity thresholds where small changes in landscape character were associated with marked shifts in the fish assemblages. After completing a geographic analysis of second- and third-order watersheds in the western Lake Superior drainage, we randomly selected 48 streams along mature forest and watershed storage gradients in 2 hydrogeomorphic regions as our study sites. During the summers of 1997 and 1998, we used electrofishing to sample fish assemblages from each stream. Each of the landscape factors was significantly associated with fish assemblage structure and function based on analysis of covariance. Watershed storage was related to the greatest number of fish assemblage characteristics, but hydrogeopmorphic region and mature forest cover were strongly associated as well. The hydrogeomorphic region also mediated relationships between watershed character and fish assemblages. Discontinuity thresholds for our fish assemblages averaged 11% for watershed storage and 50% for watershed mature forest cover based on piecewise regression analysis. Although many of the landscape–fish relationships might have been manifest through effects on in-stream habitat, our results highlight the importance of management and land-use planning decisions at the watershed and landscape scales.Published online     

MEASURING IMPACTS OF URBAN WATER DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT The role of water resources in the urban economic and social environment, particularly in the inner city, has never been established to the degree necessary for making informed decisions on investments in urban waterway and shoreline improvements. The basic tools for measuring psychological and social impacts of waterway and shoreline developments in the inner city have not been fully developed and utilized to date. However, through a detailed analysis of the water resources in the urban core area of Cleveland, it appears that deliberate development of water-based recreation and other environmental resources can lead to improvement in some of the social problems of the inner city. In recreation analysis, there is currently a great gap between methodologies that are conceptually sound and those that have been applied by urban and water-resources planning agencies. New tools and methodologies can only be used successfully when public agencies are given the institutional and policy means for using them equitably in light of social needs. Present urban-water planning practices have been found to be biased against the inner city, often unintentionally.     

Forest clearing and sex ratio in forest-dwelling wood ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Formica aquilonia</Emphasis>

Sex ratios of ants have been shown to vary with food resource levels in several studies, but it is not known whether forest clear-cutting has any effect on sex ratio of aphid-tending forest-dwelling ants. We investigated whether the offspring sex ratio of the forest dwelling ant Formica aquilonia varied as a response to clear-cutting. We found that the proportion of males was smaller in clear-cuts than in adjacent forests. Our results are among the first showing that anthropogenic changes in forest structures may have a potential to modify sex ratios of social insects and other forest-dwelling animals.     

F-127改性纳米零价铁及对水中2,4-DCP的去除

为了增强纳米零价铁的分散性,本研究采用环境友好型材料Pluronic F-127对纳米零价铁(NZVI)进行表面改性,形成分散型纳米零价铁(F-NZVI),并用于水中2,4-DCP的去除.通过不同质量比的F-NZVI颗粒沉降试验和对2,4-DCP的去除试验,发现存在沉降去除和悬浮去除两个阶段,确定F-127与NZVI颗粒的最佳质量比为2∶1,2,4-DCP最大去除率为72.32%.通过SEM、FTIR、XRD、XPS对样品进行表面形貌、组成和晶体结构分析,发现F-127对提高NZVI分散性和抗氧化性有显著作用.通过控制不同因素研究F-NZVI去除水中2,4-DCP的最优条件,实验结果表明,当2,4-DCP初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1)时,F-NZVI去除2,4-DCP的最佳pH值为5,F-NZVI最佳投加量为3 g·L~(-1).     

苏云金芽孢杆菌BtZ01对小鼠胚胎和胚后发育的影响

为了探讨苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)Bt Z01对小鼠胚胎发育和胚后生长发育的影响,将48只孕鼠随机分组,试验组饲喂浓度分别为106CFU·m L-1、108CFU·m L-1、5×109CFU·m L-1的Bt Z01菌液,并设灭菌水为对照组。采用行为致畸学方法检查Bt Z01对小鼠胚胎和胚后发育的影响并制作脏器切片,测量脏器指数等指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组小鼠在胚胎和胚后发育各阶段体重和体长无显著差异(P0.05),胚胎畸形发生率无增加,骨骼染色观察发现高剂量组小鼠后囟门显著大于其他3组(P0.05)。18 d与48 d小鼠部分脏器指数存在显著差异,但病理切片观察发现仅高剂量组肾脏有病变发生。试验结果表明,苏云金芽孢杆菌Bt Z01在浓度为108CFU·m L-1及以下时对小鼠胚胎发育及胚后生长发育无不良影响。     

摄入负载镉生物炭对斑马鱼的异常行为分析

为了评估生物炭对镉的固定能力,以负载镉生物炭为研究对象,构建大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)-斑马鱼(Zebrafish)的简单食物链,试验周期包括14 d的积累期和7 d的净化期.通过描述鱼群实验(Shoaling)、社会偏好实验(Social Preference)行为变化及斑马鱼中镉的富集量来评估负载镉生物炭的生物毒性.结果表明,在积累期摄入负载镉生物炭会显著抑制斑马鱼的运动能力,而摄入未负载镉生物炭对斑马鱼的活动无明显影响.摄入负载镉生物炭也导致群体偏好显著降低,表现为斑马鱼在社会区域内停留的时间变短,鱼群之间的距离增大.净化期中,斑马鱼的运动能力得到显著提升,同时表现出群聚性的特征.此外,斑马鱼肠道内的镉含量与其行为表现呈显著相关性.生物炭的固定作用和排泄导致不同剂量组斑马鱼肠道内的镉含量相近并缓解了镉在斑马鱼身体内的迁移.本研究揭示负载镉生物炭会破坏斑马鱼的社会行为,但生物炭的固定能力能缓解这种异常变化.     

SO2衍生物对大蒜根尖细胞遗传损伤作用的研究

研究SO2体内衍生物--亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液(31,mol.L-1/mol.L-1)对大蒜幼根细胞的遗传损伤效应.结果表明SO2衍生物处理可导致根尖细胞分裂异常,中期染色体粘连、间期细胞微核和双核频率明显增高;此外还可引起根尖部分细胞核碎解及核固缩.SO2体内衍生物的上述效应具有明显的时间-效应和剂量-效应关系.     

开都孔雀河流域近20年土地利用/覆被变化及景观破碎化研究

根据开都孔雀河流域1990、2000和2010年Landsat-TM影像数据和中巴资源卫星数据,结合GIS技术,研究其近20 a土地利用/覆被及景观格局的动态变化特征及变化原因。结果表明,1990—2010年开都孔雀河流域土地利用类型变化最明显的是耕地、建设用地和水域湿地,年均变化率分别为4.76%、-1.61%和1.45%,而未利用地年均变化率最小,为-0.29%。草地面积的8.71%和未利用地面积的1.73%均转变为耕地,草地面积的2.41%转变为水域湿地,建设用地的54.74%转变为未利用地;林地面积在2000年前减少,主要转变为耕地,而在2000年后耕地和草地转变为林地,又使其面积增加。整个研究时段耕地、水域湿地分布趋于集中,逐渐成为研究区的优势景观类型;在2000年前林地分布破碎化明显,在2000年后趋于集中;1990—2010年,草地面积减少,景观优势度下降,景观形状趋于简单。认为人口的不断增加以及经济利益的驱动使得流域内耕地面积不断扩大,从而严重危及流域的生态环境安全。     

长沙城市景观破碎化空间异质性研究

景观破碎化表现为景观由单一、均质、连续趋于复杂、异化离散状态.空间异质性是空间景观格局产生的原因.不同尺度下景观破碎化空间异质性表现为不同的特征.遵循"尺度——格局——过程"的思路,以长沙市2005年、2010年遥感影像为数据源,针对都市区空间异质性对不同粒度和幅度水平的响应得到合适的分析尺度,进而对长沙市景观破碎化的空间格局和空间异质性展开研究,最后剖析了景观破碎化与城市生态系统的耦合过程.研究表明:(1)长沙都市区研究中,60 m粒度是一个本征观测尺度,1200 m幅度是理想特征尺度;(2)都市区景观破碎化空间格局复杂;(3)景观破碎化空间异质性受人为因素干扰影响大,随经济社会发展呈正相关关系.