Designing Systematic Conservation Assessments that Promote Effective Implementation: Best Practice from South Africa

Abstract:  Systematic conservation assessment and conservation planning are two distinct fields of conservation science often confused as one and the same. Systematic conservation assessment is the technical, often computer-based, identification of priority areas for conservation. Conservation planning is composed of a systematic conservation assessment coupled with processes for development of an implementation strategy and stakeholder collaboration. The peer-reviewed conservation biology literature abounds with studies analyzing the performance of assessments (e.g., area-selection techniques). This information alone, however, can never deliver effective conservation action; it informs conservation planning. Examples of how to translate systematic assessment outputs into knowledge and then use them for "doing" conservation are rare. South Africa has received generous international and domestic funding for regional conservation planning since the mid-1990s. We reviewed eight South African conservation planning processes and identified key ingredients of best practice for undertaking systematic conservation assessments in a way that facilitates implementing conservation action. These key ingredients include the design of conservation planning processes, skills for conservation assessment teams, collaboration with stakeholders, and interpretation and mainstreaming of products (e.g., maps) for stakeholders. Social learning institutions are critical to the successful operationalization of assessments within broader conservation planning processes and should include not only conservation planners but also diverse interest groups, including rural landowners, politicians, and government employees.     

立柱和柱式无土栽培系统及其在生菜栽培上的应用

具溢水管 ,容积为 1L的 12只ABS塑料盆钵组装的水培立柱 ,其底部是底座 ,顶部是淋滴装置 ,总高 2 0 0cm ,直径为 15cm .按柱间距 80cm× 80cm排列在面积有A =5 40m2 的非自控玻璃温室内 ,然后再串联和并联成”树林”式栽培整体 .该整体含 6 36根立柱 ,每根立柱的最多种植量有 6 0株 ,总共种植 3816 0株 ,加地面原有种植数 10 314株 ,共有 48474株 ,此为地面原种植量的 4.7倍 .立柱被安装在地面水槽上 ,通过循环灌溉系统 (营养液 )将立柱无土栽培和地面无土栽培组合为一体 ,即谓柱式无土栽培系统 .柱式无土栽培系统全种生菜 ,育苗移栽 ,种后 40d(中后期 ) ,立柱区的光照E =6 80～ 86 0 μEm- 2 s- 1 ,高出生菜光合作用饱和点E =180～ 36 0 μEm- 2 s- 1 .立柱上的小栽培钵的一点底面接触水面 ,使苗的大部分根数生长于水面之上湿润的岩棉之中 ,良好的生长空间加上流动的水柱 ,生菜获得了水、气、肥协调的根部环境 .冬季最高气温平均为θ =2 0℃ ,最低气温平均有θ =3.3℃ ,RH =5 7%～ 71% .种后 5 3d(生长后期 ) ,生菜产量平均有 5 .6kg /m2 ,较CK(平均 1.5kg /m2 )提高 3.7倍 .柱式无土栽培系统是一种高产高效的工厂化生产模式 .图 7表 3参 7     

土地利用变化对城郊农业区生态效益的影响——以四川省南充市高坪区为例

借鉴生态效益综合评价的有关理论和数学模型,以四川省南充市高坪区为例,选取生物多样性指数、植被覆盖指数、水土保持效益指数、土壤改良指数、涵养水源指数、拦截径流指数和湿度指数7个指标作为评价因子,建立生态效益评价体系,对该区域1996和2005年2个时期综合生态效益进行评估和比较.结果表明,该区域综合生态效益值分别为7.85和7.95,2005年比1996年略为升高;基于GIS的图层叠置、分割等分析功能,就区域土地利用变化对其内部生态效益造成的变化进行了分析,该区域可被划分为生态效益显著增强区、增强区、保持区、减弱区和显著减弱区5个等级.     

杞麓湖“十五”期间污染底泥环境疏浚工程效益评估研究

对疏浚工程前杞麓湖湖泊生态系统存在的问题进行了深入分析，并在对底泥中污染物释放的原理进行简述的基础上，对底泥疏浚工程效益展开详细的评估，认为底泥疏浚有效地带出湖内污染源，疏浚区水质明显改善，扩大了湖容量，并为湖泊水生态系统恢复创造了适宜的光照条件、底质条件和水深条件，有利于水生态系统的自然恢复，促进湖泊生态系统好转。同时，疏浚底泥的吹填改造了湖周围冷浸田，促进了湖周农田基本建设及农业经济的可持续发展。     

Analysis of leakage in carbon sequestration projects in forestry: a case study of upper magat watershed,Philippines

The role of forestry projects in carbon conservation and sequestration is receiving much attention because of their role in the mitigation of climate change. The main objective of the study is to analyze the potential of the Upper Magat Watershed for a carbon sequestration project. The three main development components of the project are forest conservation: tree plantations, and agroforestry farm development. At Year 30, the watershed can attain a net carbon benefit of 19.5 M tC at a cost of US$ 34.5 M. The potential leakage of the project is estimated using historical experience in technology adoption in watershed areas in the Philippines and a high adoption rate. Two leakage scenarios were used: baseline and project leakage scenarios. Most of the leakage occurs in the first 10 years of the project as displacement of livelihood occurs during this time. The carbon lost via leakage is estimated to be 3.7 M tC in the historical adoption scenario, and 8.1 M tC under the enhanced adoption scenario.     

轧钢废水全循环综合利用经济效益分析

轧钢厂废水全循环综合利用改造项目的确定，从项目设备投资，运转费用投资以及项目建成后节约用水，减少排污费等方面，阐述微观产生的经济效益，宏观产生的环境效益，揭示了该项目带来的积极影响。     

华阳发电公司综合污水的治理

介绍了华阳发电有限责任公司综合污水治理工艺，并对其处理效果和经济效益进行分析，为同类污水的处理提供了工程实例。     

推行清洁生产是防治污染的有效方法

概述了清洁生产的重要性，以大庆化工二厂为例，阐述了推行清洁生产收到的显著的经济和环境效益     

抓住西部大开发机遇 改善乌海市环境条件

本文简要介绍了乌海市环境条件 ,分析了环境污染形成原因 ,并提出改善环境条件的几点建议。     

废弃酸碱精制实现变压器油清洁生产

利用糠醛精制代替酸碱精制实现变压器油清洁生产，每年减少废渣排放5454t，减少加工损失5454t，取得了良好的环保效益和经济效益。