表面活性剂强化抽出处理含水层中DNAPL污染物的去除特征

为明确表面活性剂强化抽出处理含水层中DNAPL污染物过程中表面活性剂的增强修复效果,及DNAPL自身理化性质和介质孔径的影响,利用数码图像分析技术对1,2-二氯乙烷和四氯乙烯2种DNAPL在石英砂填充的二维砂箱中的抽取迁移过程进行了实验模拟研究,并对抽出水样中DNAPL的浓度进行了测试分析。结果表明,实验条件下加入低浓度(0.18%)的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)大幅提高了对弱透水层截留的2种DNAPL聚集体的抽出处理效率。1,2-二氯乙烷在该表面活性剂溶液中的表观溶解度远高于四氯乙烯,因此其短时间内的绝对去除率更高。SDBS强化抽出处理DNAPL的作用机理以增溶作用为主,而其增流作用使DNAPL迁移流动后分布面积增大,增加了与表面活性剂溶液接触的面积,对增溶作用起到促进效果。细粒介质中DNAPL迁移后的最大分布面积较大,因此体系中DNAPL的溶解速率较高。在DNAPL聚集体质量与水力梯度固定的条件下,油水界面张力越低,DNAPL的密度越大,DNAPL垂向迁移的风险就越大。本研究为修复工程中如何依据DNAPL种类与场地多孔介质的情况选择表面活性剂提供了参考。     

EDTA滴定法测定水中总硬度缓冲溶液配制的改进

针对EDTA滴定法测定水中总硬度(简称"标准法")时,存在的缓冲溶液配制繁琐、耗时长的问题,提出了缓冲溶液配制的改进方法(简称"改进法").改进法很好地克服了标准法的不足.通过地表水、地下水以及总硬度标准样品的比对测定,两法测定结果无显著差异.     

略论可持续发展中的环境成本

环境保护是可持续发展的主要内容，如何保护资源，创造良好的生态环境，同时创造出经济效益，环境成本则是其的核心问题。重视环境成本是环境决策的重要因素，也是可持续发展的关键。     

“以电代煤”环境效益分析

目前 ,我国只有约 1 /3的煤用于发电 ,远低于发达国家的水平。要改善我国特别是城市大气环境状况 ,实行“以电代煤”是一条最有效的途径。本文以上海、北京、柳州等城市为例 ,分析了“以电代煤”的环境效益 ,并指出 ,使用电力作为最终消费方式 ,最清洁、方便 ,效率最高 ,也最易于控制。     

汶上县生态农业发展的制约因素及改善措施

通过对影响汶上县生态农业发展制约因素的分析,结合当地实际,从引导农民转变思想认识、发挥政策引导作用等方面入手,提出了汶上生态农业发展的改善措施、发展方向。     

汉江流域生态补偿效益的评价研究

汉江流域生态补偿效益评价指标体系有利于准确分析生态补偿资金的流向和效用,评价生态补偿政策的实施效果,进一步完善生态补偿机制。本着全面性：科学性、系统性、可操作性和导向性原则,选取经济社会发展、水源涵养和水资源节约、环境污染治理、环境监管能力建设4个方面共28项指标,构成汉江流域生态补偿效益评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法对评价指标体系进行权重分析。结果表明：现阶段汉江流域的生态补偿资金应首先用于上游地区的水源涵养和环境污染治理工作,以退耕还林工程、天然林保护工程、水土保持工程和生态移民工程为重点任务。     

基于知识的工业项目安全设计研究

为了从源头上提高工业项目整个过程的安全绩效,基于安全知识设计的实践性、分散性和两重性等特点,对工业项目安全设计各阶段的知识流动进行阐述,提出安全设计策划、安全设计展开和安全设计评价各阶段的知识获取、存储、共享应用和创新,并应用知识管理的思想对基于安全知识的安全设计持续改进流程进行探讨。得出安全设计能有效管理并扩充安全知识数据库,供工业项目各参与方使用,并不断交流与深化改进工业项目的安全设计,使安全知识能在整个行业内广泛共享和再利用。     

A traffic safety evaluation of California's traffic violator school citation dismissal policy

Introduction

This study evaluated California's traffic violator school (TVS) citation dismissal policy.

Method

This study identified and compared two large samples of drivers either completing a TVS (N = 210,015) or convicted of a traffic citation (N = 168,563).

Results

Prior to adjudication, the TVS group had characteristics (e.g., lower prior conviction rate and smaller proportion of males) that were predictive of a lower subsequent crash risk. However, the TVS group exhibited significantly more crashes than did the convicted group in the subsequent one-year period. The difference (4.83%) increased to 10% after adjusting for the more favorable characteristics of the TVS group. The TVS group also had a higher adjusted subsequent crash rate at each prior driver record entry level, reflecting a loss in the general and specific deterrence of the non-conviction masked status of TVS dismissed citations. It was reported that the TVS dismissal policy results in approximately 12,300 additional crashes annually with economic costs of approximately $398,000,000.

Conclusions

The avoidance of licensing actions resulting from the dismissal policy assists in explaining why the driving public is exposed to an increased crash risk. A number of recommendations are offered to reduce the negative traffic safety impact of the TVS citation dismissal policy.     

液氯包装区事故预防措施的工艺改进

氯气液化能生产高纯氯气,在氯碱企业中起到平衡生产的作用。氯气外泄会严重污染环境,给人类生存与健康带来威胁,所以氯气泄漏事故的预防与处理成为氯碱企业安全生产的一项重要内容。通过工艺的改进,对液氯贮存包装区泄漏事故进行了有效的预防和处理。     

Toward equality of biodiversity knowledge through technology transfer

To help stem the continuing decline of biodiversity, effective transfer of technology from resource‐rich to biodiversity‐rich countries is required. Biodiversity technology as defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a complex term, encompassing a wide variety of activities and interest groups. As yet, there is no robust framework by which to monitor the extent to which technology transfer might benefit biodiversity. We devised a definition of biodiversity technology and a framework for the monitoring of technology transfer between CBD signatories. Biodiversity technology within the scope of the CBD encompasses hard and soft technologies that are relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, or make use of genetic resources, and that relate to all aspects of the CBD, with a particular focus on technology transfer from resource‐rich to biodiversity‐rich countries. Our proposed framework introduces technology transfer as a response indicator: technology transfer is increased to stem pressures on biodiversity. We suggest an initial approach of tracking technology flow between countries; charting this flow is likely to be a one‐to‐many relationship (i.e., the flow of a specific technology from one country to multiple countries). Future developments should then focus on integrating biodiversity technology transfer into the current pressure‐state‐response indicator framework favored by the CBD (i.e., measuring the influence of technology transfer on changes in state and pressure variables). Structured national reporting is important to obtaining metrics relevant to technology and knowledge transfer. Interim measures, that can be used to assess biodiversity technology or knowledge status while more in‐depth indicators are being developed, include the number of species inventories, threatened species lists, or national red lists; databases on publications and project funding may provide measures of international cooperation. Such a pragmatic approach, followed by rigorous testing of specific technology transfer metrics submitted by CBD signatories in a standardized manner may in turn improve the focus of future targets on technology transfer for biodiversity conservation.