两株浅层底泥菌对铜绿微囊藻休眠体复苏的调控作用

将起始浓度不同的单菌和混合菌(Ba.sp06+Str.v13)分别与铜绿微囊藻休眠体及底泥共包埋,在梯度温度下进行24 d休眠体复苏实验.结果表明,温度低于10℃时,菌株Str.v13的生长增殖能力显著强于菌株Ba.sp06,各菌组休眠体复苏率最高为0.02%;在温度为15和20℃条件下,Ba.sp06与Str.v13两菌株浓度比例(以下简称\"菌比\")为1∶1时混合菌组休眠体复苏率(15℃时为15.5%,20℃时为23.5%)与对照组无显著差异(15℃时为15%,20℃时为22.6%),但显著低于Ba.sp06单菌组(34.5%);菌比2∶1时Ba.sp06菌对Str.v13菌具抑制效应,混合菌组复苏率(15℃时为31%,20℃时为35%)显著高于对照组,而与Ba.sp06单菌组无显著差异;菌比为1∶2时Str.v13菌对Ba.sp06菌具抑制效应,混合菌组休眠体复苏率(15℃时为6%,20℃时为6.5%)均显著低于菌比为1∶1、2∶1时及Ba.sp06单菌组,但高于Str.v13单菌组(3%).同时,各复苏阶段对复苏率的贡献主要集中在启动复苏的第12~18 d.实验表明,底泥表层铜绿微囊藻休眠体复苏不仅受温度影响(10℃),且复苏率受底栖菌Ba.sp06与Str.v13的起始浓度影响,Ba.sp06菌的起始浓度高于Str.v13菌时促进休眠体复苏,低于Str.v13菌时复苏受到抑制.因此,可以在铜绿微囊藻休眠体复苏前期通过调节Ba.sp06与Str.v13菌比来调控休眠体复苏率,为从源头防控微囊藻水华暴发提供理论依据.     

秋季清水河大型底栖动物群落结构及其水质评价

2011年秋季对云南省清水河流域的15个样点进行了底栖动物调查。共采集到底栖动物33种,隶属于3门6纲。其中水生昆虫17种,寡毛纲4种,软体动物9种,其他动物3种。寡毛类、软体动物和水生昆虫优势类群分别为霍甫水丝蚓、环棱螺和蚋。底栖动物平均密度为31．2ind．／m2,生物量平均值为5．91g／m2。香农一威纳多样性指数为0．99-3．20。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数（BI）对清水河的水质进行评价。结果显示绝大多数河段水质清洁,但支流清平河出现轻微污染。     

深圳湾底栖动物群落结构时空变化环境影响因素分析

2000年春、夏、秋、冬4个季节在深圳湾福田一侧的潮滩上采集了20个底栖动物群落样方．结果表明,深圳湾潮滩底栖动物密度和生物量均有明显的季节变化,但密度的季节变化和生物量季节变化并不完全一致,这与软体动物斜肋齿蜷等的季节变化密切相关。用等级聚类和非线性多维尺度排序分析这些样方群落结构组成的时空变异情况,结果表明,季节和潮区是影响深圳湾底栖动物群落结构组成时空变异的两个最重要因素。     

三峡库区蓄水期长江口底栖生物数量动态分析

三峡库区蓄水期于2004年在长江口区进行季节性(2、5、8、11月)综合调查.结果表明,该水域出现底栖生物种类依序为2月127种,5月为114种,8月和11月分别为83种和97种.在种类组成中,以多毛类占首位(42～70种)、其次软体类17～32种.甲壳类和棘皮类较少.底栖生物优势种有15种,其优势度(D2)值以多毛类丝异须虫(0.27～0.36)和小头虫(0.18～0.26)明显高于其他种类.底栖生物的平均总生物量以2月和5月较高,分别为19.7g/m2和23.4 g/m2.在生物量组成中,以软体类最高为5.6～12.2 g/m2.底栖生物的平均总密度以5月和11月最高,分别为623.0个/ m2和781.7个/m2.在生物密度组成中,多毛类的密度居首位(194.8～625.6个/ m2).底栖生物多样性指数(H')值最高为2月(2.94)和5月(2.76).生物种类丰度指数(D)值以2月较高为1.34.各月的生物种类均匀度指数(J)值均不足1.通过调查分析,长江口外水域及口北少数站的底栖生物量和密度,仍保持高于河口附近测站的分布格局.     

Testing Bioassessment Metrics: Macroinvertebrate, Sculpin, and Salmonid Responses to Stream Habitat, Sediment, and Metals

The purpose of this article is to report on the testing of responses of multimetric macroinvertebrate and habitat indices to common disturbances to streams: stream habitat alteration, excessive sediment, and elevated metals concentrations. Seven macroinvertebrate community metrics were combined into a macroinvertebrate biotic index (MBI), and 11 channel morphology, riparian, and substrate features were combined into a habitat index. Indices were evaluated by comparing the habitat results to fish population surveys and comparing the macroinvertebrate results to habitat ratings, percent fine sediments measured by Wolman pebble counts, and copper concentrations. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing percentages of fine sediments measured either across the bankfull or instream channel widths. Macroinvertebrate scores decreased with increasing copper. One metric, richness of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa, was more responsive to both copper and sediment than was the multimetric MBI. Habitat scores corresponded well with the age class structure of salmonids, but not with that of benthic sculpins. Both salmonid and sculpin age classes declined with increasing percentages of fine sediments. The decline was graded with the sculpin age classes, whether fine sediments were measured across the instream or bankfull channel, whereas salmonids consistently responded only to the instream fine sediments.     

Using Bacterial Growth on Insects to Assess Nutrient Impacts in Streams

A combination field and laboratorystudy was conducted to evaluate the ability of arecently developed bioindicator to detect detrimentalnutrient conditions in streams. The method utilizesbacterial growth on aquatic insects to determinenutrient impacts. Field investigations indicated thatelevated concentrations of nitrate and phosphate wereassociated with growth of filamentous bacteria oninsect body surfaces, and that there was a significantreduction in the density of major insect taxa in thenutrient-enriched stream reaches. Laboratoryinvestigations confirmed a strong linkage betweenbacterial growth and reduced survival of insects. Survival was examined for insects with bacterialinfestation ranging from 0% to greater than 50%coverage of the body surface. A threshold forcatastrophic mortality occurred at about 25% bodycoverage; there were few survivors above that amount. Based on these findings, the diagnostic endpoint forthe bioindicator is 25% body coverage by bacterialgrowth, a level that signifies major impacts and isalso easy to detect visually. This study providesadditional evidence that the insect-bacteriabioindicator is a reliable tool for assessing nutrientimpacts on stream macroinvertebrate communities. Thebioindicator should prove useful for identifyingnutrient-impacted sites as well as monitoring thesuccess of management actions to improve water quality.     

Evaluation of the Impact of Acid Mine Drainage on the Chemistry and the Macrobenthos in the Carolina Stream (San Luis – Argentina)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of acid mine drainage on the chemistry and the macrobenthos of the Carolina stream (San Luis – Argentina). Samples were obtained in the years 1997–1998 at two sites: site C₁, located 200 m upstream of the drainage, and site C₂, located 800 m downstream. The system buffer capacity was evaluated in the non – contaminated site by means of the buffer index calculation. The physico – chemical changes observed as a consequence of the contribution of acid mine drainage (AMD) were: a decreasing of pH and an increase in the ionic concentration, especially sulfate and Fe coming from the oxidation produced by chemiolithotrophic bacteria. The values obtained indicated a low buffer capacity and a high intrinsic vulnerability of the system to resist the impact originated by the AMD, producing a remarkable decreasing of pH of the receiving stream. These changes caused modifications in the original benthic community that was replaced by organisms more tolerant to the acid stress. A reduction in the abundance and in the taxonomic richness of the benthic macroinvertebrates was observed when compared with the reference station. An increase in the proportion of Chironomidae and of Acari and a decrease in the proportion of the remaining taxa were observed. The most sensitive groups were Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Mollusca. The community was mostly affected by the following variables: pH, conductivity, sulfate and dissolved total Fe.     

Derivation and Use of Sediment Quality Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment of Metals and Radionuclides Released to the Environment from Uranium Mining and Milling Activities in Canada

The Screening Level Concentration (SLC) approach was used to derive Lowest Effect Level (LEL) and Severe Effect Level (SEL) concentrations for nine metals (As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, U and V) and three radionuclides (²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb, and ²¹⁰Po) released to the aquatic environment during the mining and milling of uranium ore. This method was chosen because it allowed for the best use of the considerable historical and current data collected for diverse purposes in the uranium mining and milling regions of Canada (20,606 data points used in the analysis). Except for Cr, all the LELs derived in this study using the weighted method and published sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) were highly reliable (> 85%) in predicting sites unimpacted by uranium mining/milling defined as sites where reductions in the abundance and species richness of benthic invertebrate communities were < 20%. The derived SEL values and corresponding published SQGs (with the exception of Ni) were not reliable predictors (≤60%) of severe impacts on benthic invertebrate communities when severe impacts are defined as a reduction in abundance and species richness ≥40%. Most of the severely impacted sites had sediment contaminant concentrations well below the SEL values. It is concluded that LELs derived using the weighted method can reliably be used in ecological risk assessments as concentrations below which adverse effects on benthic invertebrate communities are not expected. In contrast, it is recommended that SELs not be used in assessments of uranium mining/milling activities as concentrations above which adverse effects are anticipated.