牡蛎和贻贝中二噁英及多氯联苯同类物的分布

利用同位素稀释、高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用仪，首次测定了大连湾牡蛎和贻贝等海洋生物体内痕量的二噁英和多氯联苯，并比较了二噁英及多氯联苯的同类物在牡蛎和贻贝中的含量分布。结果表明，所采集的牡蛎和贻贝样品中均含有二噁英和多氯联苯，且多氯联苯的含量明显高于二噁英，反映出环境中多氯联苯背景值大于二噁英的背景值。其中，牡蛎和贻贝中二噁英总质量分数平均值分别为47．8pg／g和216pg／g(以干物质计)，毒性当量平均值分别为O．89pg／g和0．87pg／g；12种有毒性的共平面多氯联苯的总质量分数平均值分别为585．5pg／g和818．6pg／g，总毒性当量平均值分别为0．47pg／g和1．18pg／g。牡蛎和贻贝样品中的二噁英及多氯联苯的同类物含量分布基本类似，表明二者摄取的二噁英及多氯联苯可能有相似的来源。可以把牡蛎和贻贝作为生物标志物，以监测海洋环境中二噁英和多氯联苯的污染状况。     

寿昌江流域及邻近山区溶岩洞穴大型水生底栖动物

灵栖洞、灵山洞、瑶琳洞为浙江西部山区已开发的著名观光溶岩洞穴群，灵栖洞位于寿昌江流域支流小江溪的源头附近，由灵泉、清风、霭云三洞组成，灵山洞由清虚洞、仙桥洞组成．三洞穴群内大型水生动物隶属2门3纲5目11科．灵栖洞大型水生动物群落主要由放逸短沟蜷和掌指米虾组成，灵山洞主要由硬环棱螺、放逸短沟蜷、格氏短沟蜷及水生昆虫幼体组成，瑶琳洞内主要由锯齿新米虾和扁卷螺组成．灵泉洞洞穴有光带主要分布有掌指米虾和放逸短沟蜷，弱光带主要分布有锯齿新米虾、掌指米虾和硬环棱螺，黑暗带主要分布有锯齿新米虾、掌指米虾和扁卷螺，灵泉洞有光带动物种类的多样性、均匀度指数最高，分别为0．9832和0．6109，黑暗带最低，分别为0．0983和0．1418；优势度在黑暗带最高，其值为0．6250．表3参18     

溪流底栖动物定量与半定量采样法比较研究

溪流底栖动物定量和半定量采样法在个体数、物种数、物种相似性及生物指数方面的比较研究表明:(1)急流生境中,半定量样(踢网)的个体和物种数高于定量样(索伯网);静水-缓流生境中,半定量样(D形网)的个体和物种数一般高于定量样,且物种数有显著差异(z=-2.032,P<0.05).(2)同一样点半定量样(踢网加D形网)与定量样之间的物种相似性(平均为0.68)高于急流生境(0.56)和静水-缓流生境(0.45).(3)同一样点半定量样和定量样单独计算的生物指数值之间无显著差异.建议在应用溪流底栖动物开展水质生物评价时,可用半定量采样法完成野外采样.图4表1参8     

Using Mussel Isotope Ratios to Assess Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inputs to Freshwater Ecosystems

Stable nitrogen isotope ratios (¹⁵N) of freshwater mussels from a series of lakes and ponds wererelated to watershed land use characteristics to assess their utility in determining the source ofnitrogen inputs to inland water bodies. Nitrogen isotope ratiosmeasured in freshwater musselsfrom 19 lakes and ponds in Rhode Island, U.S.A., ranged from4.9–12.6 and were found tosignificantly correlate with the fraction of residential development in 100 and 200 m bufferzones around the ponds. Mussel ¹⁵N values in 12 of the 19 ponds also showed significantcorrelation with average dissolved nitrate concentrations, which ranged from 23–327 g L^-1.These observations, in light of previous studies which link elevated¹⁵N values of nitrogenderived from septic wastewater with those seen in biota, suggest that mussel isotope ratios mayreflect nitrogen source in freshwater ecosystems. We followed aniterative approach usingmultiple regression analysis to assess the relationship between mussel¹⁵N and the land usecategories fraction residential development, fraction feedlotagriculture, fraction row-cropagriculture, and fraction natural vegetation in 100 and 200 m bufferzones and pond watersheds.From this we developed a simple regression model to predict mussel¹⁵N from the fraction ofresidential development in the 200 m buffer zone around the pond.Subsequent testing with datafrom 16 additional sites in the same ecoregion led us to refine themodel by incorporating thefraction of natural vegetation. The overall average absolute differencebetween measured andpredicted ¹⁵N values using the two-parameter model was 1.6. Potential sources of error inthe model include differences in the scale and categorization ofland-use data used to generate andtest the model, differences in physical characteristics, such asretention time and range ofresidential development, and exclusion of sources of enrichednitrogen such as runoff from feedlot operations or increased nitrogen loading from inefficient or failed septic systems.     

Variability in the identification and enumeration of marine benthic invertebrate samples and its effect on benthic assessment measures

Studies designed to measure anthropogenic impacts on marine benthic communities depend on the ability of taxonomists to consistently discriminate, identify, and count benthic organisms. To quantify errors and discrepancies in identification and enumeration, 20 samples were completely reprocessed by another one of four participating laboratories. Errors were detected in 13.0% of the data records, affecting total abundance by 2.1%, numbers of taxa by 3.4%, and identification accuracy by 4.7%. Paired t-tests were used to test for differences in the Benthic Response Index (BRI), total abundance, numbers of taxa, and the Shannon-Wiener index between the original and the reanalysis data. Differences in the BRI were statistically insignificant. Although statistically significant differences were observed for numbers of taxa, total abundance, and the Shannon-Wiener index, the differences were small in comparison to the magnitude of differences typically observed between anthropogenically affected and reference sites.     

Spatial scales and probability based sampling in determining levels of benthic community degradation in the Chesapeake Bay

The extent of degradation of benthic communities of the Chesapeake Bay was determined by applying a previously developed benthic index of biotic integrity at three spatial scales. Allocation of sampling was probability-based allowing areal estimates of degradation with known confidence intervals. The three spatial scales were: (1) the tidal Chesapeake Bay; (2) the Elizabeth River watershed; and (3) two small tidal creeks within the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River that are part of a sediment contaminant remediation effort. The areas covered varied from 10^–1 to 10⁴ km² and all were sampled in 1999. The Chesapeake Bay was divided into ten strata, the Elizabeth River into five strata and each of the two tidal creeks was a single stratum. The determination of the number and size of strata was based upon consideration of both managerially useful units for restoration and limitations of funding. Within each stratum 25 random locations were sampled for benthic community condition. In 1999 the percent of the benthos with poor benthic community condition for the entire Chesapeake Bay was 47% and varied from 20% at the mouth of the Bay to 72% in the Potomac River. The estimated area of benthos with poor benthic community condition for the Elizabeth River was 64% and varied from 52–92%. Both small tidal creeks had estimates of 76% of poor benthic community condition. These kinds of estimates allow environmental managers to better direct restoration efforts and evaluate progress towards restoration. Patterns of benthic community condition at smaller spatial scales may not be correctly inferred from larger spatial scales. Comparisons of patterns in benthic community condition across spatial scales, and between combinations of strata, must be cautiously interpreted.     

长江支流桥边河大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物评价

中小河流数量众多,分布广泛,其健康状况将直接影响和决定着大江大河的生态系统健康,如何准确、合理的评估中小河流的健康状况,已经成为世界性的科学问题.本研究以长江一级支流桥边河为例,于2019年1月（枯水期）和8月（丰水期）在河道的上中下游设置8个采样点,进行桥边河大型底栖动物群落结构调查,利用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、耐污值法和科级生物指数法（FBI）分别对各样点进行水质生物评价.调查结果显示,枯水期采集到底栖动物17个分类单元,共283个底栖动物;丰水期采集到16个分类单元,共301个底栖动物,丰水期大型底栖动物个体数略高于枯水期.水质生物评价结果显示,桥边河水质状况时空差异性明显,丰水期的水质状况优于枯水期,空间尺度上丰枯水期水质状况均为上游段 > 中游段 > 下游段.3种水质生物评价法对比分析显示,FBI科级生物指数的评价结果与实际情况更吻合,更适合桥边河水质评价,其研究结果可为中小河流生态系统健康评价提供参考.     

基于底栖动物完整性指数的长江口-杭州湾潮间带水生态状况评价

利用生物完整性指数评价流域水生态状况,所得结果对水环境管理决策有重要指导意义。以2006年崇明东滩底栖动物监测数据为参照状态数据,利用长江口1991—2019年和杭州湾2004—2019年潮间带底栖动物监测数据构建底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI),最终从56个候选指标中确定了6个核心指标:Marglef指数、软体动物相对多度、甲壳动物+多毛纲相对多度、ASPT、科级生物指数和捕食者相对多度。B-IBI评价结果显示:优秀等级样本有44个,良好等级72个,中等等级31个,较差等级7个,很差等级4个;杭州湾北岸水生态状况显著优于长江口南岸(P<0.05)。经验证,B-IBI与水质综合污染指数呈极显著相关(P<0.01),能够有效指示研究区域的水生态状况。     

Economic Impacts of Zebra Mussels on Drinking Water Treatment and Electric Power Generation Facilities

Invasions of nonnative species such as zebra mussels can have both ecological and economic consequences. The economic impacts of zebra mussels have not been examined in detail since the mid-1990s. The purpose of this study was to quantify the annual and cumulative economic impact of zebra mussels on surface water-dependent drinking water treatment and electric power generation facilities (where previous research indicated the greatest impacts). The study time frame was from the first full year after discovery in North America (Lake St. Clair, 1989) to the present (2004); the study area was throughout the mussels’ North American range. A mail survey resulted in a response rate of 31% for electric power companies and 41% for drinking water treatment plants. Telephone interviews with a sample of nonrespondents assessed nonresponse bias; only one difference was found and adjusted for. Over one-third (37%) of surveyed facilities reported finding zebra mussels in the facility and almost half (45%) have initiated preventive measures to prevent zebra mussels from entering the facility operations. Almost all surveyed facilities (91%) with zebra mussels have used control or mitigation alternatives to remove or control zebra mussels. We estimated that 36% of surveyed facilities experienced an economic impact. Expanding the sample to the population of the study area, we estimated $267 million (BCa 95% CI = $161 million–$467 million) in total economic costs for electric generation and water treatment facilities through late 2004, since 1989. Annual costs were greater ($44,000/facility) during the early years of zebra mussel infestation than in recent years ($30,000). As a result of this and other factors, early predictions of the ultimate costs of the zebra mussel invasion may have been excessive.     

Cadmium in aquatic ecosystems in Western Australia: A legacy of nutrient-deficient soils

More than 273 tonnes of cadmium have been added to Western Australian ecosystems through the application of superphosphate fertilisers since 1982. Fifty percent of this is water soluble and therefore eventually leaches into waterbodies and accumulates in the sediments. From this source, it enters the food web through algae and benthic animals and may ultimately be passed to humans. This is reflected in the cadmium levels of the freshwater mussels (Westralunio carteri) that exceeded statutory Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA) guidelines for Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) with respect to human consumption. The cadmium levels bioaccumulated in freshwater mussels elevated with increasing catchment clearing, being highest in degraded catchments. The MPC for Cd in crustaceans have recently been removed, yet tissues within the freshwater crayfish (Cherax tenuimanus) frequently exceeded the old MPC (0·2 μCd g⁻¹wet weight). Marron are sometimes consumed in considerable quantities and the risk to human health posed by a high Cd intake is briefly summarised. Finally, a number of management options concerned with reducing the level of Cd from fertilisers passing to humans are reviewed.