反距离加权法天气衍生品空间基差风险对冲效果

天气衍生品作为一项金融创新产品,为天气风险的管理和转移提供了新的途径.与传统衍生品不同的是,天气衍生品合约标的物是常见的天气变量,本身不具有资产价格,因此面临的并不是传统意义上的基差风险.天气衍生品的基差风险包括产品基差风险和空间基差风险,这些基差风险严重影响着天气衍生品的风险对冲效果,阻碍了市场发展,也是研究的重点与难点.相比产品基差风险因特定部门而异,空间基差风险具有不可避免的特点.依据反距离加权法,增加空间多样性构建天气衍生品组合,可用于对冲空间基差风险,但需要经验数据验证.研究表明,天气衍生品收益与假设收益的均方根误差(RMSE)能够很好的量化天气敏感企业遇到的天气风险,天气风险对冲效果可以通过RMSE的变化值进行度量;构建中国华东地区降雨量看跌期权交易,相较单一地区收益偏差,期权买方采用空间组合策略取得了更好的空间基差风险对冲效果.此外,研究结果发现,在构建天气衍生品空间组合时,组合中气象观测点的数目并不是越多越好,即较少的观测点个数即能显著降低天气风险对冲效果,这也为实践操作提供了便利.     

Benzene removal by nano magnetic particles under continuous condition from aqueous solutions

Benzene removal evaluated using Fe304 nano continuous condition. A 44 initial benzene concentration, from aqueous solutions was magnetic particles （NM） in factorial design including NM dose, contact time and pH was investigated in 16 experiments （Taguchi OA design）. The results indicated that all factors were significant and the optimum condition was： pH 8, NM dose of 2000 mg.L-1, benzene concentrations of 100 mg.L-1 and contact time of 14min. The maximum benzene uptake and distribution ratio in the optimum situation were 49.4mg.g-1 and 38.4L.g-1, respectively. The nano particles were shown to capture 98.7% of the benzene in optimum batch condition and 94.5% in continuous condition. The isotherm data proved that the Bmnauer-Emmett-Teller model fit more closely and produced an isotherm constant （b） less than one, indicating favorable adsorption. Regeneration studies verified that the benzene adsorbed by the NM could be easily desorbed by temperature, and thereby, NM can be employed repeatedly in water and wastewater management.     

Phototransformation of some 2‐alkyloxybenzothiazole derivatives

We have performed the photolysis of 2‐methyloxy‐, 2‐ethyloxy‐, 2‐propyloxy‐, 2‐isopropyloxy‐, 2‐(l‐methylbutyl)oxy‐, 2‐cyclohexyloxy‐ and 2‐propargyloxybenzothiazole derivatives. We have studied the influence of polarity of the solvent and presence or absence of oxygen on the course of their photochemical transformations. In general it can be concluded that the cleavage of the substituent‐oxygen bonds occurs preferentially, whereby the main product was identified in most cases to be 2‐benzothiazolinone. The rate of photolysis and the composition of the reaction mixture was dependent upon the presence or absence of oxygen. Photoreactivity of above benzo‐thiazole derivatives was also strongly dependent on the structure of the substituents in the position 2.     

水中苯挥发引起的热力学焓变过程

利用水槽试验对苯的挥发特性进行研究,在此基础上,通过数值计算探求苯在挥发过程中热力学因素焓的变化规律.结果表明,焓变的时空变化与浓度的时空变化密切相关.随挥发时间的增加,苯浓度下降,焓变的数值也越来越小;随水流下移,苯浓度峰值下移,焓变峰值的位置也不断下移;随着铅垂高度Y的增加,苯的扩散速度增大,焓变值不断减小;而在同一时刻,在宽度Z方向,焓变的数值曲线都呈阶梯性变化.     

Comparative effects of indole derivatives as antifouling agents on the growth of two marine diatom species

Antifouling agents, used to prevent biofouling, need to be assessed for their impacts on marine organisms and environment before the application. Diatoms are one of the main components of fouling biofilms, which play important roles in the formation of biofouling. Particularly, diatoms are also the important ingredients of primary production and present interest as ecotoxicological models in marine environment. In this study, two benthic diatoms Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima and Navicula climacospheniae, widely distributed in fouling biofilm, were used as models for screening the activities of potential antifoulants. Nine indole derivatives were tested and CuSO₄ was used as a reference. Indole derivatives showed significant anti-algal activities and the EC₅₀ values of most indole derivatives were lower than that of CuSO₄. Halogen substituent enhanced the anti-algal activities of compounds, and the most efficient compounds for N. closterium f. minutissima were gramine and 7-chloroindole with the EC₅₀ values of 1.94 and 2.1?mg/L, while for N. climacospheniae, 7-chloroindole and 6-bromoindole were the most efficient and the EC₅₀ values were 3.91 and 4.25?mg/L, respectively. In conclusion, indole derivatives would be one of the promising candidates as antifoulants and our results strengthened the need to perform antifouling activity assays and environment-friendly evaluations.     

甲醛及苯系物混合暴露对小鼠肺脏的氧化损伤作用

为探讨甲醛、苯、甲苯及二甲苯混合气体急性暴露对小鼠肺脏的氧化损伤作用,选用雄性健康昆明种小鼠50只,随机分为对照组和4个染毒组。染毒组1到4中甲醛、苯、甲苯和二甲苯浓度依次为:1.0+1.1+2.0+2.0μg·L-1、3.0+3.3+6.0+6.0μg·L-1、5.0+5.5+10.0+10.0μg·L-1、10.0+11.0+20.0+20.0μg·L-1,各染毒组混合气体的浓度分别是我国室内空气质量标准(GB/T18883-2002)的10、30、50和100倍。用静式吸入染毒方式,每天染毒2h,共染毒10d,实验结束后,测定小鼠肺脏中的氧化损伤指标。结果表明:染毒组小鼠的体重增加幅度均低于对照组,肝脏和脾脏系数显著低于对照组,肺脏ROS、MDA含量随染毒剂量的增加而增加,T-AOC、GSH、CAT、GSH-Px及SOD活力随染毒剂量的增加而降低,并且ROS、MDA含量与混合气体的浓度呈显著的正相关关系,GSH含量与混合气体的浓度呈显著的负相关关系。研究结果显示,甲醛、苯、甲苯及二甲苯混合气体急性暴露对小鼠肺脏具有氧化损伤作用,混合气体的联合毒性效应强于单一组分,ROS、MDA和GSH可以作为评价VOCs急性暴露对机体氧化损伤作用的敏感生物学标志。     

单双介质阻挡放电降解苯的对比研究

在相同实验条件下,研究了单、双介质阻挡放电反应器的等离子体发射光谱,对苯的降解效率,以及CO和CO2的生成,检测了NO和NO2的浓度.结果表明,与单介质阻挡放电反应器相比,双介质阻挡放电反应器的发射光谱具有红移现象;单、双介质阻挡放电反应器对苯的降解效率、CO2的生成浓度及选择性几乎一致;采用双介质阻挡放电明显降低了CO的生成浓度,CO的生成选择性也有所下降.更为重要的是,双介质阻挡放电反应器极大地降低了NO2的生成,在本文的实验条件下,没有检测到NO.     

轿车内苯系物的健康风险评价

为分析车内苯系物污染对不同性别驾乘人员的致癌风险和非致癌风险,对65辆轿车内空气中ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)和ρ(二甲苯)进行评价;提出车内苯的基本致癌风险浓度与危险致癌风险浓度概念及其计算公式,并与国内外相关标准中苯系物浓度标准限值进行对比分析. 结果表明:65辆轿车内空气中苯系物H_fz(综合非致癌指数)的最大值为0.44,低于US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)规定的非致癌风险基本值(1),对乘客与司机均不存在非致癌风险;但苯对司机H_za(致癌指数)的平均值为129.3×10-6,致癌风险较高;苯对男性乘客、女性乘客、男性司机与女性司机的C_wx(危险致癌风险浓度)分别为450.0、470.0、67.5和70.4 μg/m3. GB/T 27630—2011《乘用车内空气质量评价指南》中苯浓度标准限值对司机H_za的平均值为1.59×10-4,大于US EPA规定的苯致癌风险危险值(1×10-4),构成致癌危害;苯系物浓度标准限值对司机H_fz的平均值为1.15,构成非致癌危害. 轿车内空气中ρ(苯)、ρ(甲苯)、ρ(乙苯)和ρ(二甲苯)的合理限值分别为0.068、1.000、1.350和1.350 mg/m3.      

有机危险废物在惰性气氛中热降解动力学特征

为研究有机危险废物在惰性或还原性高温工业窑炉(如炼铁高炉、炼焦炉、煤气化炉、煤液化炉等)中的协同处置效果,分别选择热稳定性在第1~2等级中的典型有机物——苯和氯乙烯,在氮气气氛高温管式炉进行热降解试验. 将定量的气态苯或氯乙烯分别与氮气混合后通入高温管式炉中,采用GC-MS检测煅烧后尾气中苯和氯乙烯的浓度,以分析其热降解特性. 结果表明:苯在500~1 100 ℃时热降解率(a)随温度(T)升高而快速增加,增幅达70%;在1 100 ℃以上时,苯热降解率缓慢增加,最终达到完全降解.氯乙烯在300~900 ℃时热降解率快速增加,增幅在55%左右,900 ℃以上热降解率增加缓慢直至完全降解.苯和氯乙烯的热降解率均随煅烧时间(t)增加而升高.苯和氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型分别为a=1-exp[-743.3exp(-12 930/T)t]和a=1-exp[-3.90exp(-4 307.8/T)t].通过苯的热降解动力学模型,可预测热稳定性高于氯乙烯的有机物的热降解率;而通过氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型,可预测比其热稳定性低的有机物的热降解率.      

表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）对安氏伪镖水蚤的急性毒性研究(Acute Toxicity of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate（SDBS）and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate（SDS）to the Copepod, Pseudodiaptomus annandalei)

为探讨表面活性剂成分对海洋桡足类生物的影响,测定了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)对安氏伪镖水蚤(Pseudo-diaptomus annandalei Sewell)的急性毒性作用.结果表明,SDBS对安氏伪镖水蚤雌体24h、48h、72h和96h的半致死浓度LC50分别为2.40、1.67、1.59和1.58mg·L-1,而对雄体分别为1.84、1.54、1.41和1.40mg·L-1;SDS对雌体24h、48h、72h和96h的LC50分别为54.33、30.85、25.21和15.85mg·L-1,对雄体分别为18.48、13.55、10.51和8.50mg·L-1;SDBS对雌体和雄体的安全浓度分别为0.24mg·L-1和0.32mg·L-1,而SDS对雌体和雄体的分别为2.98mg·L-1和2.19mg·L-1.结果显示,对安氏伪镖水蚤而言,SDBS比SDS的毒性更强;以半致死浓度LC50为参考依据,安氏伪镖水蚤雄体均比雌体对这两种表面活性剂敏感.