苯、氯苯、苯酚、4-氯酚对斑马鱼、孔雀鱼、剑尾鱼的急性毒性

以斑马鱼（Zebra fish）Danio rerio、剑尾鱼Xiphophorus hellerii、孔雀鱼（Guppy）Poecilia reticulata为受试鱼种,采用半静态试验,考察苯、苯酚、氯苯、4-氯苯酚对3种鱼的急性毒性,结果表明,上述4种有机物对斑马鱼的96 h LC50分别为132.22、28.86、9.66、4.29 mg.L-1;对剑尾鱼的96 h LC50分别为123.76、27.25、8.86、4.29 mg.L-1;对孔雀鱼的96 h LC50分别为131.25、27.88、9.33、4.59 mg.L-1,都属于高毒物质。毒性大小为苯〈苯酚〈氯苯〈4-氯苯酚。毒性大小与取代基的类型有关,-Cl的毒性要大于-OH,-Cl和-OH的联合毒性大于单独的-Cl和-OH。孔雀鱼和剑尾鱼对上述有机污染物具有较好的敏感性,结果稳定,重现性好,可以作为急性毒性试验的受试鱼种。     

新型固相微萃取头测定胶粘剂中苯及其同系物

结合分子印迹技术与溶胶-凝胶技术,自制新型联苯分子印迹溶胶-凝胶聚合物涂层固相微萃取头,结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法(HS-SPME-GC),测定水溶液中的苯及其同系物。结果表明,该方法精密度良好(RSD<5%),线性范围超过2个数量级,最低检出限达到10ng/mL。运用该法对市售胶粘剂中苯及其同系物进行检测,结果令人满意。     

苯萃取－气相色谱法测定沉积物中的甲基汞

本文应用苯萃取和半胱氨酸反萃取，使甲基汞得以浓缩和净化，取１０ｇ沉积物样品，最小检出含量０．８１×１０~（－６），方法相对标准偏差为±１０．０８％，平均回收率为９２．４％。该法简化了浸取液加ＣｕＳＯ４沉淀和过滤步骤，不经处理可直接加苯萃取。该法具有简易、干扰少、再现性好等特点，且适用于有机汞的形态分析。     

烟雾箱与数值模拟研究苯和乙苯的臭氧生成潜势

结合光化学烟雾箱实验与数值模拟研究了苯和乙苯在NO x存在条件下的光氧化臭氧生成潜势.重复实验表明,在乙苯-NO x反应体系中,反应物初始浓度、温度、湿度和光照强度接近的条件下,整个反应过程中臭氧的最大偏差仅为4%,证明了烟雾箱的可重复性较高.在烟雾箱实验的基础上,使用MCM(master chemical mechanism)模拟了苯和乙苯的光氧化O3生成,并将其结果与实验数据进行了比对分析.干燥(≤5%)时MCM对苯和乙苯的模拟结果与实验结果较接近,如在苯-NO x反应体系中,MCM模拟的O3峰值比实验值偏大20%;在湿度为5%~70%时,MCM模拟的乙苯光氧化O3峰值与实验值偏高约(10%~25%).用MCM模拟了太阳光照条件下苯和乙苯的臭氧生成等值线,得到在它们浓度为(10~50)×10-9,NO x在(10~100)×10-9时,苯和乙苯的6 h臭氧贡献值分别为(3.1~33)×10-9和(2.6~122)×10-9,臭氧峰值范围分别是(3.5~54)×10-9和(3.8~164)×10-9.此外,模拟得到苯和乙苯的最大增量反应活性(maximum incremental reactivity,MIR)值分别为0.25/C和0.97/C(每单位碳).该结果与Carter通过SAPRC机制得到的MIR值趋势一致.模拟得到苯和乙苯的最大臭氧反应活性(maximum ozone reactivity,MOR)分别为0.73/C和1.03/C.苯的MOR值远高于Carter使用SAPRC得到的结果,说明根据Carter得到的苯MOR会低估苯的O3潜势.     

空气注射修复苯污染地下水模拟研究

空气注射是原位修复地下水中挥发性污染物的有效方法之一,但是因为缺乏现场数据,目前系统设计主要依据经验.为了获取合理设计参数,以北京某焦化厂地下水苯污染区域为例,结合现场试验,采用Petrasim中的TMVOC模块对空气注射进行了设计参数优化与修复模拟研究.现场试验得出最佳注气速率为23.2 m3.h-1,影响半径为5 m.模型对现场试验过程中地下水压力变化进行了模拟,模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好.模型对注气位置进行优化,最佳为底部注气;以底部注气方式对注气速率进行优化,得出最佳注气速率为20 m3.h-1,与现场试验结果相近;在最佳注气位置与注气速率下,影响半径为3m,现场测试结果比该值偏大,这主要是因为现场测试参数主要指示地下水上部与非饱和带中气流变化,而气流范围在接近地下水面处开始迅速增大,比地下水中实际气流范围要大.依据场地地质参数,利用优化参数,对修复过程进行了模拟研究,结果表明,修复过程中逐渐将污染物浓度已经达标区域的注射井关停的修复方式比修复过程中所有注射井一直开启的修复效果要好.采用注射井逐个关停的修复方式注气90 d后,该场地污染物浓度从371 000μg·L-1下降到1μg·L-1.     

苯作业对工人血清白细胞介素-6肿瘤坏死因子影响的研究

目的 :探讨苯作业工人血清中细胞因子白细胞介素 -6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)的变化及其意义。方法 :用放射免疫法 ,对不同工龄的苯作业工人血清中IL-6,TNF浓度进行检测 ,并同白细胞变化进行对照比较。结果 :接苯作业工人血清中IL-6 ,TNF较对照组有明显升高 (P<0.05,P<0.01) ,且这些变化在白细胞明显降低前即已发生。结论 :苯作业可致工人血清TNF,IL-6水平的增高 ,这对苯中毒的早期诊断有一定意义。     

分子全息QSAR方法预测苯衍生物对蝌蚪的急性毒性

采用半静态培养法测定了一系列苯衍生物对蝌蚪的12h致死毒性.应用分子全息QSAR方法构建了化合物的亚结构与毒性之间的定量模型,探讨了分子全息长度、碎片尺寸以及区分常数对模型质量的影响,并检验了模型的稳健性.结果显示,研究的51种苯衍生物的半致死毒性(12h log1 /LC₅₀,mol/L)分布在2.07～4.56之间.最优HQSAR模型以6～7为碎片尺寸,83为全息长度,6个主成分,Leave-One-Out交叉验证的r²_cv是0.849,最终的非交叉验证的拟合模型r² 为0.942 ,表明模型稳健性能良好,可用于预测苯衍生物的毒性.     

Fereducer反应强化直流电晕自由基簇射治理苯

为强化直流电晕自由基簇射对含苯废气的去除,采用Fereducer反应进行实验研究.将含Fereducer试剂的电极气引入反应器中,在苯浓度分别为953mg/m³和63mg/m³时,其去除率提高了21%和4.2%.电极气(O₂、H₂O)的存在对苯的脱除起了不同程度的促进作用,最高可达89.6%.苯的初始浓度较低时脱除效率较高,但高浓度下的绝对去除量较大.     

生物滴滤器净化苯废气研究

采用不锈钢丝网作为生物滴滤器的载体材料,用经以苯为唯一碳源驯化而得的微生物菌种,进行苯废气的净化实验。结果表明:在实验的负荷范围内,生物滴滤器的消除能力随负荷的增加而增加,但净化效率总体上随负荷的升高而下降。在相同的进气苯浓度下,随着停留时间的增加,消除能力和净化效率迅速提高,停留时间为33.9 s时,净化效率达98%。在30~40 mg/L.h的负荷水平下的净化效率随循环液流量的变化而变化,实验中最佳的液体流量为0.8L/h。进口浓度对生物滴滤器的净化效率和所需的填料层高度有较大的影响。     

Risk Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Through Daily Life Cycle in the Industrial City in Korea

This study analyzed the risk of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through a study of activity patterns in the Korean industrial city, Ulsan. The daily life cycle patterns(LCPs) of 331 people in Ulsan were surveyed and the average LCPs in Ulsan were obtained by statistical analysis. Nine to twelve personal air samples of VOC exposure at the breathing zones were collected at each LCP. This included hours for sleeping,cooking and eating, going to and from work, working, participating in field or outdoor activities, reading, watchingTV, and shopping. The components and concentrations of the collected VOCs were identified by a Gas Chromatography-MassDetector (GC-MS). The overall reproducibility of all GC analytical procedures of the simultaneously collected duplicatesample pairs represented a mean of percent differences rangingfrom about 9 to 13%. For the general population of Ulsan, thecarcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to theVOCs during the LCPs was evaluated. The carcinogenic riskwas analyzed using both the chronic daily exposure orlifetime average daily exposure (CDI) and the cancerpotency factor. The non-carcinogenic risk was analyzedusing both the CDI and the chronic reference dose.The major chemical forms of the identified VOCs were oxidized forms (43%), aliphatic alkanes (29%) and aromatics (15%). Even though the highest total exposure strength per unit time of each activity was observed during shopping, the highest totalamount of exposure to VOCs was identified as the exposure duringwork. The total carcinogenic risk of exposure to the carcinogenicVOCs through daily life cycle in Ulsan was 2.0 × 10^-4which is substantially exceeding the permissible carcinogenicrisk level, 10^-5 10^-6. The carcinogenic riskduring most of the life cycle activities, except forreading, mainly performed indoors, was higher than that ofthe activities performed outdoors. The carcinogenic risk bybenzene exposure was about 56% (time weighted average) ofthe total carcinogenic risk by the exposure to thecarcinogenic VOCs. During cooking and eating, shopping andout door activities, however, the carcinogenic risk by theexposure to chlorinated compounds like chloroform exceededthe exposure to benzene. The overall hazard index (non-carcinogenic risk) by a chronic exposure to carcinogenicand non-carcinogenic VOCs through daily life cycle in Ulsanwas evaluated as 3.91 × 10^-1, which is much less than1.0 considered as a hazard level to human health, and thusit seems likely not to produce a severe health hazard.