办公楼装修室内空气质量监测分析

目的是评价某办公楼室内装修后空气中有害物质污染水平。方法用随机抽取不同类型。布点39个，对空气中甲醛、苯、氨进行监测。结果为该办公楼室内甲醛、苯、氨平均浓度均超过国家（GBFF18883—2002）卫生标准，平均超标分别为1．1倍、1．7倍、0．3倍。苯监测合格率最高，为36％；甲醛最低，为12．8％。不同楼层甲醛、苯、氨浓度无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。同一楼层不同类型房间室内甲醛、苯、氨浓度有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论是控制室内装修污染要选用绿色环保材料，加强室内通风换气，选择合适的装修季节。     

Effect of low-molecular weight organic acids on phosphorus release and phytoavailabilty of phosphorus in phosphate rocks added to soils

Phosphorus (P) is critically needed to improve soil fertility in many parts of the world. The use of water-soluble P fertilizers, e.g., single super-phosphate and triple super-phosphate in developing countries to improve crop production has been limited primarily by their high cost. The presence of indigenous phosphate deposits in some countries provides an incentive for direct application or local chemical treatment at low cost to improve the solubility of low reactive phosphate rocks (PRs). The use of naturally occurring low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) that are produced in soil as microbial metabolites or plant exudates from dead or living cells represents a new perspective in PR research. The LMWOAs contain various functional groups that may play a significant role in PR dissolution. Little information is available, however, about the potential of LMWOAs in releasing P from PRs. This study reports P release from 12 PRs, four each of low, medium, and high reactivity, obtained from various deposits (Kodjari, Tahoua, North Carolina, Gafsa, Khouribga, Tilemsi Valley, Central Florida, Sechura, Minjingu, North Florida, Hahotoe, and Parc W) using nine LMWOAs containing mono-, di-, and tri-carboxylic groups and a mineral acid (H₂SO₄). Laboratory studies showed that the organic acids are effective in releasing P from low and medium reactive PRs, but very ineffective in releasing P from high reactive PRs. The average amounts of P released by all the organic acids from the three types of PRs were 65.5 mmol kg⁻¹ PR from the low reactive PRs, 55.1 mmol kg⁻¹ from the medium, and 11.1 mmol kg⁻¹ from the high; those released from across all the PRs were 21.9 by the mono-carboxylic acid group, 54.2 by the di-carboxylic acid group, and 57.0 mmol P kg⁻¹ by the tri-carboxylic acid group. The P released was negatively correlated with the equilibrium pH, but positively correlated with Ca released from the PRs. Laboratory incubation studies on the release of P from PRs added to soils with or without organic acids and incubated at 25 °C for 15, 30, and 45 days showed that the percentage of plant-available P released varied considerably from 0.95 in the Kodjari PR to 40.1% in the North Carolina PR and was related to PR reactivity. A greenhouse study with corn (Zea mays L.) grown for 60 days on soils treated with PRs or with PRs mixed with organic acids showed that corn response to addition of oxalic or citric acid varied with P rates and PR sources, suggesting that organic acids have potential as amendments for increasing plant-available P in PR-treated soils.     

苯在TiO2上的气相光催化反应性能

在一个循环式光反应系统中进行了苯的气相光催化实验.考察了催化剂与反应物的接触面积,催化剂用量和苯的初始浓度对苯光催化氧化反应的影响.结果表明,催化剂与反应物的接触面积和光强度的共同作用是影响苯光催化降解速度的主要因素.实验条件下,催化剂接触面积增加2倍,反应时间缩短260min.再将光强度提高1倍,反应时间缩短320min;催化剂用量对反应过程的影响主要是催化剂层吸附能力的影响,随着催化剂用量的增加这种影响逐渐减弱.当催化剂用量从0.1g增加到0.5g时,反应时间缩短100min,而从0.5g增加到1.5g时只缩短20min;当系统中苯的浓度较低时,随着初始浓度的增加反应中苯的浓度变化增大,但在高浓度系统中初始浓度的影响不明显.     

Kinetics of benzene adsorption onto activated carbon

An activated carbon bed adsorption process is influenced by the adsorbents' characteristics, volatile organic compound (VOC) characteristics, and process conditions. In the literatures, the adsorption processes of the adsorbents and VOCs were usually considered to be in equilibrium. In this study, the VOC adsorption processes by activated carbon were considered to be a kinetic process, i.e. they are not in equilibrium. Then, isothermal adsorption curves and a small column experiment were simulated.     

Haloacetic acids in the aquatic environment. Part II: ecological risk assessment

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are environmental contaminants found in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world as a result of both anthropogenic and natural production. The ecological risk posed by these compounds to organisms in freshwater environments, with a specific focus on aquatic macrophytes, was characterized. The plants evaluated were Lemna gibba, Myriophyllum spicatum and M. sibiricum and the HAAs screened were monochloroacetic acid (MCA), dichloroacetic acid (DCA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA). Laboratory toxicity data formed the basis of the risk assessment, but field studies were also utilized. The estimated risk was calculated using hazard quotients (HQ), as well as effect measure distributions (EMD) in a modified probabilistic ecological risk assessment. EMDs were used to estimate HAA thresholds of toxicity for use in HQ assessments. This threshold was found to be a more sensitive measure of low toxicity than the no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) or the effective concentration (EC10). Using both deterministic and probabilistic methods, it was found that HAAs do not pose a significant risk to freshwater macrophytes at current environmental concentrations in Canada, Europe or Africa for both single compound and mixture exposures. Still, HAAs are generally found as mixtures and their potential interactions are not fully understood, rendering this phase of the assessment uncertain and justifying further effects characterization. TCA in some environments poses a slight risk to phytoplankton and future concentrations of TFA and CDFA are likely to increase due to their recalcitrant nature, warranting continued environmental surveillance of HAAs.     

炭素焙烧炉沥青烟净化处理

采用干式静电除尘技术,对炭素焙烧炉排放的含有烟尘、沥青烟的工业废气进行处理,达到既能高效净化有害气体,又能降低资金投入。处理后的各项指标为:烟尘排放浓度=20.0mg/m3,沥青烟排放浓度=14.2mg/m3,苯并(a)芘排放浓度=0.054×10-3mg/m3,所有污染物均达到排放标准。     

介质特性对DBD降解苯的影响

为了提高介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge,DBD)等离子体的处理效率,研究了内外介质组成分别为:(1)石英 石英;(2)陶瓷 石英;(3)陶瓷 陶瓷这3种情况下苯的降解情况.试验结果表明,在处理低浓度含苯废气时,陶瓷 陶瓷效果最好;陶瓷(内管) 石英(外管)在处理高浓度含苯废气时显示出优势.通过对气相产物和固相结焦产物的分析验证了DBD能有效降解苯,降解产物不会带来新的污染.进一步分析了实验条件和介质材料的变化对DBD降解苯的影响机理.     

合肥市典型交通干道大气苯系物的特征分析

为研究合肥市交通干道大气苯系物污染状况,采用自主研制的差分吸收光谱(DOAS)系统,于2016年3月期间对合肥市交通主干道大气苯系物(苯、甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯)以及常规污染物NO_2、SO_2等进行了连续观测.观测结果显示,观测期间苯、甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯的平均浓度分别为:21.7、63.6、33.9和98.7μg·m~(-3).与国内外其它城市比较显示,合肥市交通干道大气苯和甲苯的污染处于中等水平,二甲苯的污染较为严重.结合观测期的间风速风向、T/B特征比值以及与CO等污染物的相关性,对上述苯系物来源进行了分析,结果显示观测期间T/B值为0.8~4.5,苯、甲苯与CO的相关性系数R分别为0.55和0.34.表明机动车尾气排放是观测区域苯和甲苯的主要排放源之一,同时也受到周边工业园区排放的影响,二甲苯的主要排放源为观测地点北偏东方向的涂料行业工业园区.苯和甲苯的夜间高浓度峰值分析结果表明,夜间的高浓度苯和甲苯可能主要来源于观测地点周边工业园区的排放.观测区域苯系物的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)表现为邻二甲苯间二甲苯甲苯苯,其中二甲苯的OFP占总OFP的85%,表明周边工业园区的排放对该地区臭氧生成的贡献较大.     

Application of nanoparticle tracking analysis for characterising the fate of engineered nanoparticles in sediment-water systems

Novel applications of nanotechnology may lead to the release of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), which result in concerns over their potential environmental hazardous impact. It is essential for the research workers to be able to quantitatively characterise ENPs in the environment and subsequently to assist the risk assessment of the ENPs. This study hence explored the application of nanoparticle tracking system (NTA) to quantitatively describe the behaviour of the ENPs in natural sediment-water systems. The NTA allows the measurement of both particle number concentration (PNC) and particle size distribution (PSD) of the ENPs. The developed NTA method was applied to a range of gold and magnetite ENPs with a selection of surface properties. The results showed that the positively-charged ENPs interacted more strongly with the sediment than neutral and negatively-charged ENPs. It was also found that the citrate coated Au ENPs had a higher distribution percentage (53%) than 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid coated Au ENPs (20%) and citrate coated magnetite ENPs (21%). The principles of the electrostatic interactions between hard (and soft) acids and bases (HSAB) are used to explain such behaviours; the hard base coating (i.e. citrate ions) will interact more strongly with hard acid (i.e. magnetite) than soft acid (i.e. gold). The results indicate that NTA is a complementary method to existing approaches to characterise the fate and behaviour of ENPs in natural sediment.     

腐殖质胶结团聚体对苯酚的富集特征

为探讨不同腐殖质组分团聚体对苯酚富集能力的影响,应用国际腐殖酸协会（IHSS）推荐方法提取腐殖质,以Ca2+、Al3+、Fe3+为桥键离子,制备了高岭石、蒙脱石不同腐殖质组分团聚体,采用平衡吸附法研究了不同腐殖质组分团聚体对苯酚的富集特征.结果表明:高岭石不同腐殖质组分团聚体对苯酚的饱和吸附量（Q_m）大小依次为FA（富里酸）团聚体[（254.11±5.35）mg/kg] > HA（胡敏酸）团聚体[（186.14±1.61）mg/kg] > HM（胡敏素）团聚体[（120.61±1.67）mg/kg];蒙脱石不同腐殖质组分团聚体对苯酚的饱和吸附量大小依次为FA团聚体[（418.72±19.14）mg/kg）] > HA团聚体[（290.00±13.06）mg/kg）] > HM团聚体[（160.46±4.92）mg/kg）];高岭石不同腐殖质组分团聚体对苯酚的富集系数（ER）大小依次为FA团聚体（2.03±0.07）> HA团聚体（1.91±0.04）> HM团聚体（1.85±0.04）;蒙脱石不同腐殖质组分团聚体对苯酚的富集系数大小依次为FA团聚体（2.50±0.10）> HA团聚体（2.45±0.11）> HM团聚体（1.36±0.04）.研究显示,FA团聚体对苯酚的饱和吸附量和富集系数较大,对苯酚的吸附（富集）作用较强,HM团聚体对苯酚的饱和吸附量和富集系数较小,对苯酚的吸附（富集）作用较弱.不同腐殖质组分团聚体对苯酚的富集能力大小表现为FA团聚体> HA团聚体> HM团聚体.因此,FA团聚体可作为控制受苯酚污染场地土壤的首选修复剂.