顶空CO2对有机物厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸的影响

研究了不同顶空CO2浓度对有机物厌氧发酵体系中底物转化速率、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产率及微生物相变化的影响.结果表明,顶空低浓度CO2有助于葡萄糖底物转化,在16h转化率达到93%以上,顶空高浓度CO2和对照组在20h时转化率分别为88.3%、87.6%.顶空高浓度CO2有助于乙酸积累,乙酸产率达8.2mmol/gCOD,分别是对照组和低浓度CO2组的1.52倍和1.87倍.顶空CO2浓度与同型产乙酸菌数量正相关,顶空低浓度CO2组fhs基因拷贝数为9.83×106/mL,高浓度CO2组fhs基因拷贝数为5.32×108/mL,对照组fhs基因拷贝数为6.97×107/mL.提高顶空CO2浓度有利于在混和培养环境中富集同型产乙酸菌.     

污水管网中无机氮类营养盐迁变规律

以一套长1 200 m的城市污水模拟管网为对象,采用人工配水方式,研究了管网中含氮化合物的变化情况,分析评价了沿程氮类营养盐的迁变转化特性.结果表明,以氯化铵为氮源基质,管网微生物将其同化合成生命所需的物质以进行细胞增殖.游离氨基酸、结合氨基酸、核酸是代谢产生的主要含氮有机化合物,其中氨基酸占溶解性有机氮(DON)的绝大多数.同时利用三维荧光光谱、尺寸排阻色谱技术对水中有机物的荧光特性及相对分子质量分布的表征结果显示,污水中有机物的特征荧光峰有所增多,主要以类蛋白、类微生物代谢产物为主,且荧光强度随管网沿程逐渐增强;水中的小分子营养盐在微生物的同化作用下转化为复杂的大分子有机物.     

Pollution profiles and physicochemical parameters in old uncontrolled landfills

The long-term effectiveness of the geological barrier beneath municipal-waste landfills is a critical issue for soil and groundwater protection. This study examines natural clayey soils directly in contact with the waste deposited in three landfills over 12 years old in Spain. Several physicochemical and geological parameters were measured as a function of depth. Electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Cl⁻, NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ were used as parameters to measure the penetration of landfill leachate pollution. Mineralogy, specific surface area and cationic-exchange capacities were analyzed to characterize the materials under the landfills. A principal component analysis, combined with a Varimax rotation, was applied to the data to determine patterns of association between samples and variables not evident upon initial inspection. The main factors explaining the variation in the data are related to waste composition and local geology. Although leachates have been in contact with clays for long time periods (13-24 years), WSOC and EC fronts are attenuated at depths of 0.2-1.5 m within the clay layer. Taking into account this depth of the clayey materials, these natural substrata (>45% illite-smectite-type sheet silicates) are suitable for confining leachate pollution and for complying with European legislation. This paper outlines the relevant differences in the clayey materials of the three landfills in which a diffusive flux attenuation capacity (A_c) is defined as a function (1) of the rate of decrease of the parameters per meter of material, (2) of the age and area of the landfill and (3) of the quantity and quality of the wastes.     

Bio-removal of mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes/total petroleum hydrocarbons/trichloroethylene from contaminated water

Four pure cultures were isolated from soil samples potentially contaminated with gasoline compounds either at a construction site near a gas station in Fai Chi Kei, Macau SAR or in the northern parts of China (Beijing, and Hebei and Shandong). The e ects of di erent concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-) of xylene (BTEX), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and trichloroethylene (TCE), when they were present in mixtures, on the bio-removal e ciencies of microbial isolates were investigated, together with their interactions during the bio-removal process. When the isolates were tested for the BTEX (50–350 mg/L)/TPH (2000 mg/L) mixture, BTEoX in BTEoX/TPH mixture was shown with higher bio-removal e ciencies, while BTEmX in BTEmX/TPH mixture was shown with the lowest, regardless of isolates. The TPH in BTEmX/TPH mixture, on the other hand, were generally shown with higher bio-removal e ciencies compared to when TPH mixed with BTEoX and BTEpX. When these BTEX mixtures (at 350 mg/L) were present with TCE (5–50 mg/L), the stimulatory e ect of TCE toward BTEoX bio-removal was observed for BTEoX/TCE mixture, while the inhibitory e ect of TCE toward BTEmX for BTEmX/TCE mixture. The bio-removal e ciency for TPH was shown lower in TPH (2000 mg/L)/TCE (5–50 mg/L) mixtures compared to TPH present alone, implying the inhibitory e ect of TCE toward TPH bio-removal. For the mixture of BTEX (417 mg/L), TPH (2000 mg/L) along with TCE (5– 50 mg/L), TCE was shown co-metabolically removed more e ciently at 15 mg/L, probably utilizing BTEX and/or TPH as primary substrates.     

氯苯驯化污泥中氯苯类同系物共存对氯苯生物降解影响

通过分析贡献因子的方法,对氯苯驯化污泥中氯苯类同系物共存时对氯苯生物降解性能的影响及作用机制进行了研究。结果表明：邻二氯苯、间二氯苯的共存有利于整个体系的降解,但氯苯的耗氧速率有所降低,竞争和共代谢作用是它们的作用机制;对二氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯的共存会抑制整个体系及氯苯的降解,抑制作用是它们的作用机制。     

河谷型城市土壤有害金属有机酸与细菌淋溶特性

在野外调查与前期研究的基础上,根据一点多样混合采样法收集宝鸡河谷型城市污染土壤样品50个.通过等温振荡平衡法研究了人工合成的螯合剂EDTA、DTPA、低分子有机酸草酸(Oxalic acid)、丁二酸(Butanedioic acid)、柠檬酸(Citrate)和枯草芽孢杆菌对城市污染土壤有害金属As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sb、V、Zn的淋溶解吸特性.研究结果表明,EDTA、DTPA对宝鸡城市污染土壤As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sb、V、Zn的整体淋溶解吸效果要优于草酸、丁二酸和柠檬酸.有机酸对宝鸡城市土壤有害金属As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Sb、V、Zn淋洗速率顺序为:柠檬酸:PbSbZn≈AsCuVCr;DTPA:Pb≥Cu≈ZnSbAsVCr;EDTA:Pb≥ZnCuSbAsVCr;草酸:PbSbAsVCuCr;丁二酸:CrPbSbAsVCu(丁二酸淋洗的Cr随时间缓慢增加).枯草芽孢杆菌对土壤有害金属淋溶具有pH和温度的依赖性,特别对Pb、Sb的淋溶解吸特为敏感,较高pH(pH=6)淋溶要大于低pH(pH=2).研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌淋溶土壤有害金属是细菌本身、有机酸和淋溶液pH共同作用的过程.重金属Pb和Sb是宝鸡市环境污染与人群健康风险最主要的因子,因此,有机酸和细菌及其淋溶pH综合作用对西部河谷型城市土壤有害金属Pb、Sb复合污染的原位修复提供了新的思路.     

不同方法对南方几种土壤阳离子交换性质的测定比较

分別采用1mol L~(-1) NH_4OAC淋洗法,0.1mol L~(-1)BaCl_2捕掳交换法,6.667×10~(-3)mol L~(-1)Co(NH_3)_6Cl_3提取法以及电荷测定法测定了南方几种不同性质的土壤的阳离子交换性质。结果表明,酸性土壤的阳离子交换量具有不定性,NH_4OAC法的结果很高,而其它方法的结果显著偏低,但方法间仍存在显著差异。不过,各法对微酸性、中性土壤的测定结果无显著差异。与NH_4OAC法相比,BaCl_2法得到较多的Ca,而Co法则交换出较少的K。各法的浸提液pH间虽存在差异,但彼此间有良好的统计相关性。Co法测定的CEC值与交换性阳离子总和较为吻合,其浸提液pH与pH_(KCl)、pH_(CaCl_2)有良好的线性关系。看来,不同方法对酸性土壤阳离子交换量的测定差异主要来自測定过程中介质pH条件及离子强度不同所浸出的交换性酸的多寡。本文认为,Co(NH_2)_6Cl_3法可以作为这些土壤阳离子交换性质测定的例行方法。     

不同填埋年龄的矿化垃圾中胡敏酸的分子荧光光谱研究

对上海市老港填埋场封场6-10年矿化垃圾中的胡敏酸(HA)进行荧光光谱分析,结果表明,不同封场时间的矿化垃圾中HA的荧光光谱均为宽带峰型,pH值对HA荧光光谱的影响较小.而且随着矿化垃圾封场时间的加长,荧光特征峰波长缓慢增加.     

有机污染物在大连近海海水中生物降解速度的研究

研究了４种特征有机污染物在大连近海海水中生物降解的动力学,通过大天然海水中分别加入有机物苯,硝基苯,苯胺和苯酚,实验测定了它们在０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ,０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ,０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ及１ｍｇ／Ｌ等几组不同浓度下的ＢＯＤ及其历时曲线,根据实验结果,经数据处理,得到同物的生物降解动力学参数Ｋ和Ｌ０,应用一级反应动力学表示的ＢＯＤ数学模式Ｙ＝Ｌ０（１－１０＾ｋｔ）较好表达了ＢＯＤ随时间的变化规律,计算结果与实测     

日照市夏季VOCs物种空间分布特征及其对臭氧生成的影响

2020年8月22～ 29日期间利用便携式声表面波气相色谱仪(GC-SAW)对日照市区的主要企业源、居民源和道路开展了在线采样分析,获得了大气中多种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的空间分布特征,并对主要组分的化学反应活性进行研究.结果 表明,日照市碳原子大于5的VOCs(VOCC＞5)主要以甲苯、正丙苯和正辛烷为主,且空间分...