Influence of dissolved organic matter on methylmercury transformation during aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge under different C/N ratios

Current knowledge about the transformation of total mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) in aerobic composting process is limited. In this study, the composition and transformation of mercury and dissovled organic matter (DOM) in aerobic composting process of municipal sewage sludge were were comprehensively characterized, and the differences among the three C/N ratio (20, 26 and 30) were investigated. The main form of mercury in C/N 20 and 26 was organo-chelated Hg (F3, 46%-60%); while the main form of mercury in C/N 30 was mercuric sulfide (F5, 64%-70%). The main component of DOM in C/N 20 and 26 were tyrosine-like substance (C1, 53%-76%) while the main fractions in C/N 30 were tyrosine-like substance (C1, 28%-37%) and fulvic-like substance (C2, 17%-39%). The mercury and DOM varied significantly during the 9 days composting process. Compared to C/N 20 and 26, C/N 30 produced the less MeHg after aerobic composting process, with values of 658% (C/N 20), 1400% (C/N 26) and 139% (C/N 30) of the initial, respectively. Meanwhile, C/N 30 produced the best compost showed greater degree of DOM molecular condensation and humification. Hg fraction had been altered by DOM, as indicated by a significant correlation between mercury species and DOM components. Notably, C/N 30 should be used as an appropriate C/N ratio to control the methylation processes of mercury and degration of DOM.     

Seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer affected by the deep convection, surface pollutants and precipitation

The Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer (ATAL) refers to an accumulation of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during boreal summer over Asia, which has a fundamental impact on the monsoon system and climate change. In this study, we primarily analyze the seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the ATAL and the factors potentially influencing those variations based on MERRA2 reanalysis. The ability of the reanalysis to reproduce the ATAL is well validated by CALIPSO observations from May to October 2016. The results reveal that the ATAL has a synchronous spatiotemporal pattern with the development and movement of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Significant enhancement of ATAL intensity is found during the prevailing monsoon period of July–August, with two maxima centered over South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Owing to the fluctuations of deep convection, the ATAL shows an episodic variation on a timescale of 7–12 days. Attribution analysis indicates that deep convection dominates the variability of the ATAL with a contribution of 62.7%, followed by a contribution of 36.6% from surface pollutants. The impact of precipitation is limited. The ATAL further shows a clear diurnal variation: the peak of ATAL intensity occurs from 17:30 to 23:30 local time (LT), when the deep convection becomes strongest; the minimum ATAL intensity occurs around 8:30 LT owing to the weakened deep convection and photochemical reactions in clouds. The aerosol components of the ATAL show different spatiotemporal patterns and imply that black carbon and organic carbon come mainly from India, whereas sulfate comes mainly from China during the prevailing monsoon period.     

高径比对生活污水好氧颗粒污泥系统的影响

采用3组高径比分别为3：1,4.5：1和6：1的SBR反应器（R1,R2,R3）,以实际生活污水为进水并接种污水处理厂二沉池的回流污泥,研究SBR高径比对生活污水好氧颗粒污泥形成,同步去除碳,氮,磷性能的影响.结果表明,R1,R2,R3分别历时42,35和28d启动成功;颗粒污泥培养成熟后,其平均粒径逐渐趋于稳定,分别可达750,900,1100μm.启动阶段,R1,R2,R3对总氮的去除率分别为66%,61%,62%;颗粒污泥成熟后,R1,R2和R3出水均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准,总氮去除率分别为79%,85%,91%,总磷去除率分别为91%,93%,94%,COD去除率分别为89%,92%,93%.进一步分析表明,在本试验研究范围内,SBR高径比增大有利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成,且利于增大颗粒粒径,进而提高沉淀性能和同步去除碳,氮,磷的性能.     

氨与甲苯SOA形成含氮有机物的影响因素研究

利用自制的烟雾腔系统使臭氧光解产生OH自由基,启动甲苯光氧化产生二次有机气溶胶（SOA）粒子,在不同的实验条件下研究甲苯SOA与氨反应形成的含氮有机物,并采用紫外-可见分光光度计测量反应产物溶液在205和270nm处的吸光度,探究光照时间、甲苯、氨、臭氧浓度和相对湿度等环境因素对含氮有机物形成的影响规律.结果表明,有机酸铵和咪唑类产物的生成浓度随着紫外光照时间的延长,甲苯、氨和臭氧的浓度的增加而逐渐增大.但是当臭氧浓度超过一定值后,光解生成的高浓度OH自由基能够使甲苯光氧化产物变成更多的挥发性化合物,从而不利于含氮有机物的生成.水分子的增加会使臭氧光解产生的OH自由基浓度减少,从而导致有机酸铵和咪唑类产物的生成浓度随着相对湿度的增大而降低.这为研究人为源SOA颗粒中含氮有机物棕色碳的形成提供了实验依据.     

海南地区新型雷电预警系统预警效率的评估与分析

基于2017年5-8月全国雷电监测定位系统ADTD探测到的闪电定位数据,根据标准IEC-62793中对雷电预警系统预警效率评估的定义,对海南地区部分雷电预警站点的预警效率进行了统计分析。海南地区新型雷电预警系统的平均有效预警率(MPOD)约为85%,高于大部分雷电预警系统的有效预警率;对闪电事件的预警率平均可达到95%,表明可以对发生在预警站点有效覆盖范围内95>的闪电提供有效预警;平均错误预警率(MFAR)约为73%,与各类预警系统相比,错误预警率偏高;预警提前期的平均值和中值分别为13.9min和9.6min。     

排板式介质阻挡放电等离子体降解苯的研究

考察了自制排板式等离子发生器对不同进气条件(进气浓度、进气流量和进气湿度)下含苯气的降解效果。结果表明,苯降解率随进气浓度和进气流量的提高而降低,但在高进气浓度和高进气流量下,苯降解率仍保持在50%以上。苯降解率在进气湿度约30%时达到最大值,过低和过高的进气湿度都不利于苯的降解。采用多级串联可提高等离子发生器对高进气浓度和高进气流量的适应能力,4级串联较单级时的苯降解率最高可提高39%。排板式等离子体发生器可作为未来等离子体发生器工业化的重点研发对象。     

前置A2NSBR系统硝化和反硝化除磷的特性

以处理实际低C/N生活污水的前置A₂NSBR系统为研究对象,考察系统内生物膜的硝化特性和活性污泥的反硝化除磷特性.试验研究了有机物和NO₂^--N浓度对生物膜硝化性能的影响,以及不同电子受体浓度对反硝化吸磷速率的影响.结果测得硝化速率为11.3mgNH₄⁺-N/（L·h）,在填充率40%的条件下容积负荷为0.27kgNH₄⁺-N/（m³·d）,有机物的存在会对硝化有抑制,但是系统表现出了良好的抗有机负荷冲击能力,硝化速率为9.72mg NH₄⁺-N/（L·h）.NO₂^--N处理对AOB活性几乎无影响,对NOB活性抑制作用明显,当NO₂^--N浓度为400mg/L时,NOB活性仅为1.63%,几乎接近完全被抑制.根据本次不同电子受体条件下除磷批次试验的结果,好氧吸磷速率为17.62mg P/（g VSS·h）,以NO₃^--N为电子受体的缺氧吸磷速率是12.94mg P/（g VSS·h）,从而可知缺氧聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例大约是73.4%,其中在NO₂^--N浓度为30mg/L出现吸磷抑制,当NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N共存时,NO₂^--N在初始浓度为15mg/L便出现吸磷抑制.     

2016年冬季北京地区一次重污染天气过程边界层特征

利用中国气象局地面常规观测资料、微脉冲激光雷达（MINI-MPL）、风廓线雷达资料、生态环境部大气成分等资料,对2016年12月16~21日京津冀多地污染过程的生消特征、与气象条件的关系以及边界层的结构特点进行了分析.结果表明：大气处于静稳状态,低层大气盛行偏南气流,大气湿度持续增加,加之北京三面环山不利于污染物扩散的特殊地形是造成北京此次严重空气污染的重要因素.重污染期间,污染物主要聚集在800m高度以下,严重污染时,污染物高度甚至仅有400m左右.风廓线雷达反演风场显示：2次PM_2.5浓度快速上升阶段低层伴随持续偏南风或偏东风.污染过程期间,逆温结构明显,两次污染快速发展阶段恰好出现在两次逆温最强时段.此次污染天气过程,激光雷达退偏振比总体小于0.25,反映污染主要是人类活动产生气溶胶,前期以一次排放颗粒物为主,后期以二次转化颗粒物为主.退偏振比污染过程前期呈明显日变化特征,且白天退偏比比夜间高.     

生物质炭对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定作用机理

不同来源生物质炭表面和理化性质差别很大,对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定不同.以3种不同来源生物质炭（椰壳粉末、草木灰和聊城电厂灰）为研究对象,应用被动采样技术监测治理过程中污染物浓度的变化,揭示生物质炭理化性质及其与吸附固定效果之间的关系.结果表明:①3种生物质炭粒径相差不大,但椰克粉末的BET比表面积比草木灰和聊城电厂灰高2个数量级,孔隙结构发达.②吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的静态模拟试验结果显示,椰克粉末对3类有机物（多环芳烃、苯系物和酞酸酯）的吸附固定作用均很强,投加10个月,沉积物孔隙水中3类有机物的质量浓度降低92.7%以上,与其属于非极性吸附剂、BET比表面积大、孔隙结构发达有关;草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用较弱,分别为62.5%和59.6%,与其表面积小、孔隙结构不发达有关.③生物质炭吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的动力学研究结果显示,草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用能很快达到平衡,也与其BET比表面积小、孔隙结构不发达相关.研究显示,生物质炭的理化性质（如BET比表面积、孔隙结构等）是影响有机物污染沉积物治理效果的主要因素.      

基质比对ABR厌氧氨氧化工艺脱氮性能的影响

为解决厌氧氨氧化底物去除不彻底导致总氮去除偏低的问题,通过控制不同的进水基质比,对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)的厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能进行了研究.结果表明,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统最佳进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N为1.34,此时NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除率同时达到99.99%左右,总氮去除率达到峰值为87%,当进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N从1逐渐降低至0.49和从1.34逐渐提高至1.62时,反应器对NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的绝对去除量较为稳定,NH+4-N或N_2~O--N过量对ABR厌氧氨氧化系统没有产生明显抑制;此外,不同基质比条件下,NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除基本在第1隔室完成,基质比变化对ABR各隔室的脱氮效果没有产生显著影响,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统对基质浓度的变化具有较好的稳定性.