长江干线船舶防污工作的现状、存在的问题及对策

论述了长江干线船舶污染危害以及有关方面为防止船舶污染已采取的措施，指出了在长江干线船舶防污工作中还存在的问题，并提出了解决问题的建议。     

江苏省内河船舶大气污染物排放清单及特征

基于船舶签证、过闸数据以及AIS数据,采用船舶引擎功率的方法建立了江苏省内河船舶大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,2014年江苏省内河船舶共排放NO_x18. 71万t、SO_25. 13万t、PM_(2.5)0. 82万t、PM_(10)1. 10万t、HC 0. 64万t、CO 1. 67万t和CO_21 051. 13万t;对于内河船舶(不计长江),干货船污染物排放量最大,吨位范围200～600 t的污染物排放量最高,船舶正常航行工况下污染物排放量最高;对于长江江苏段抵港船舶,非集装箱货轮污染物排放量最高,装卸货工况下污染物排放量最高,其次是巡航状态,对于不同动力单元,主机和辅机是主要排放单元;对于长江江苏段过境船舶,非集装箱货轮的污染物排放量最高,其次为油轮,缓慢行驶状态下各污染物排放量均为最高,对于不同动力单元,SO2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)主机排放量高于辅机;京杭运河苏北段航道单位航道长度大气污染物排放量较大,苏南航道次之;江苏省内河船舶排放受时间影响较小,除2月排放占比略小外,其余月份排放占比基本较为均匀,均在8%～10%左右.     

液化气球罐区消防演练过程问题分析及对策

对液化气球罐区泄漏消防演练过程存在的问题进行了分析,提出了整改措施和建议.     

Experimental investigation of gas explosion in single vessel and connected vessels

Gas explosion in connected vessels usually leads to high pressure and high rate of pressure increase which the vessels and pipes can not tolerate. Severe human casualties and property losses may occur due to the variation characteristics of gas explosion pressure in connected vessels. To determine gas explosion strength, an experimental testing system for methane and air mixture explosion in a single vessel, in a single vessel connected a pipe and in connected vessels has been set up. The experiment apparatus consisted of two spherical vessels of 350 mm and 600 mm in diameter, three connecting pipes of 89 mm in diameter and 6 m in length. First, the results of gas explosion pressure in a single vessel and connected vessels were compared and analyzed. And then the development of gas explosion, its changing characteristics and relevant influencing factors were analyzed. When gas explosion occurs in a single vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and pressure growth rate with ignition at the center of a spherical vessel are higher than those with ignition on the inner-wall of the vessel. In conclusion, besides ignition source on the inner wall, the ignition source at the center of the vessels must be avoided to reduce the damage level. When the gas mixture is ignited in the large vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and explosion pressure rising rate in the small vessel raise. And the maximum explosion pressure and pressure rising rate in connected vessels are higher than those in the single containment vessel. So whenever possible, some isolation techniques, such as fast-acting valves, rotary valves, etc., might be applied to reduce explosion strength in the integrated system. However, when the gas mixture is ignited in the small vessel, the maximum explosion pressures in the large vessel and in the small vessel both decrease. Moreover, the explosion pressure is lower than that in the single vessel. When gas explosion happens in a single vessel connected to a pipe, the maximum explosion pressure occurs at the end of the pipe if the gas mixture is ignited in the spherical vessel. Therefore, installing a pipe into the system can reduce the maximum explosion pressure, but it also causes the explosion pressure growth rate to increase.     

An innovative three-dimensional approach for the simulation of pressure vessels exposed to fire

The present study introduces an innovative approach to the detailed simulation of the pressure build-up in equipment containing saturated liquids when exposed to fire. The approach is based on the adoption of a fully three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the inner fluid. Experimental data gathered from literature studies were used to validate the model considering vessels of several scales and geometries exposed to a full engulfing pool fire. The comparison between the results of the 3D CFD model developed and those of two-dimensional (2D) literature models was also carried out. This enabled deriving precise indications on the selection of the most suitable approach based on the type of accidental scenario to reproduce, confirming 2D models as sound and reliable tools to model the fluid behaviour when homogeneous heat exposure conditions are present. On the other side, limitations of 2D approaches in capturing edge effects on i) temperature profiles, ii) recirculation patterns, and iii) energy accumulation in the vessel lading during fire exposure were identified and discussed. The results obtained represent a valuable source of information to support risk management and emergency response planning.     

复杂海面电磁环境下舰艇的气象保障问题研究

从舰艇气象信息的获取和传输两个方面,分析了复杂海面电磁环境对舰艇气象装备和气象保障的影响。提出了在复杂海面电磁环境下,采用完善气象保障体系、加强手段创新、改进装备性能、加强业务训练等措施来提高舰艇气象保障能力。     

区间化AIS数据驱动的抵泊过程多维控制模型

为提高船舶靠泊安全,对接智能靠泊,实现船舶抵泊过程中的姿态控制,运用切比雪夫拟合法、95％置信度区间法、最小二乘法及上述组合方法的2次拟合等优化策略,拟合区间化船舶自动识别系统(AIS)数据中速度、航向、艏向和船位等靠泊控制参数,构建区间化AIS数据驱动的多维抵泊姿态控制模型,并采用某轮靠泊南京龙潭港一年的AIS数据测...     

浅谈压力容器制造过程中的材料监检

加强制造过程中对材料的质量控制与监督检验,确保材料选用得当、材料质量过关,是保证压力容器产品质量的前提条件。本文以钢制压力容器为例,结合相关规范、标准,从材料质量证明书、材料标准、熔炼方法、化学分析、材料复验、材料代用等角度阐述了压力容器制造监检过程中的些许案例与经验。     

Atmospheric deposition of PCDD/Fs measured via automated and traditional samplers in Northern Taiwan

Most polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the atmosphere are bound to particles which are suspended in the atmosphere, and eventually settle on soil, vegetation, water bodies or other receptors in the environment. Monitoring atmospheric deposition fluxes (dry/wet) is important in tracing the environmental fate and behavior of PCDD/Fs. PCDD/F depositions were collected via an automated PCDD/F ambient sampler and traditional cylindrical vessels, respectively, from April 2007 to February 2008. The automated PCDD/F ambient sampler used in this study can prevent both re-suspension and photo degradation of the PCDD/Fs collected and effectively separates the PCDD/F samples into dry and wet contributions. The results indicated that the ambient PCDD/F concentrations collected using the PS-1 sampler ranged from 0.02 pg I-TEQ/m³ to 0.16 pg I-TEQ/m³ in Northern Taiwan. The results also indicated that the PCDD/F deposition flux collected using the automated PCDD/F sampler (17.5 pg I-TEQ/m² d to 25.8 pg I-TEQ/m² d) was significantly higher than that sampled with the cylindrical vessels (2.0 pg I-TEQ/m² d to 9.9 pg I-TEQ/m² d). The difference was attributed to the fact that part of the PCDD/F depositions collected using the traditional cylindrical vessels had undergone photo degradation and evaporation. In addition, the wet deposition flux of PCDD/Fs (39.4 pg I-TEQ/m² rainy day to 228 pg I-TEQ/m² rainy day) observed in this study was significantly higher than the dry deposition flux (12.3 pg I-TEQ/m² sunny day to 16.7 pg I-TEQ/m² sunny day). These results demonstrated that wet deposition is the major PCDD/F removal mechanism in the atmosphere.     

内河船舶大气污染物排放特征实测研究

为获得内河船舶航行时的大气污染物排放特征,本研究基于船舶尾气测试系统测试了珠三角西江水域内航行的5艘内河船舶,识别了内河船舶气态污染物瞬时排放特征及基于燃油消耗量的排放因子,并探讨了船舶排放的PM_(2.5)化学组分特征及来源.结果表明:船舶在巡航行驶状态下气态污染物的排放浓度变化都较为平稳,货船污染物排放浓度明显高于快艇.CO_2、CO、NO、NO_2、NO_x、SO_2与PM_(2.5)的排放因子范围分别是3135.90～3149.90、3.10～12.03、30.87～41.18、3.90～7.43、36.36～48.61、0.08～5.50、0.32～4.17 g·kg~(-1).内河船舶排放的PM_(2.5)中碳组分、水溶性离子和金属元素的贡献占比分别为43.8%～64.2%、9.7%～39.0%和0.6%～3.4%,其中,有机碳/元素碳(OC/EC)比值范围为0.40～2.69,OC可能受船舶制动影响较大,润滑油损耗是重要来源.