Adsorption of acetanilide herbicides on soil and its components. II. Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl on saturated Na(+)-, K(+)-, Ca(2+)-, and Mg(2+)-montmorillonite

Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of the herbicide diethatyl-ethyl [N-chloroacetyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine ethyl ester] on homoionic Na⁺-, K⁺-, Ca²⁺-, and Mg²⁺-montmorillonite clays were investigated in water solution. The Freundlich adsorption coefficient, Kf, got from isotherms on clay followed the order of Na⁺ K⁺ > Mg²⁺ Ca²⁺. Analysis of FT-IR spectra of diethatyl-ethyl adsorbed on clay suggests probable bonding at the carboxyl and amide carbonyl groups of the herbicide. The rate of herbicide hydrolysis in homoionic clay suspensions followed the same order as that for adsorption, indicating that adsorption may have preceded and thus caused hydrolysis. Preliminary product identification showed that hydrolysis occurred via nucleophilic substitution at the carboxyl carbon, causing the cleavage of the ester bond and formation of diethatyl and its dechlorinated derivative, and at the amide carbon, yielding an ethyl ester derivative and its acid.These pathways also suggest that hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl was catalyzed by adsorption on the clay surface.     

土壤中重金属镉锌铅复合污染的研究

采用吸附与解吸实验及盆栽试验，研究了在重金属镉、锌、铅复合污染条件下，棕壤对重金属的吸附、解吸规律，以及菠菜吸收重金属的特点。结果表明：棕壤对铅、锌的吸附分别符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ、Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程，对镉的吸附用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ、Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ及Ｔｅｍｋｉｎ方程回归都不显。重金属被吸附后的解吸率顺序为：Ｚｎ〉Ｃｄ〉Ｐｂ。Ｐｂ＾２＋与吸附位结合的牢固程度较单一污染时大，而Ｃｄ＾２＋和Ｚ     

吸附-磁性分离法处理含油污水的研究

本文提出了吸附-磁性分离法处理含油污水的新工艺。研究了粘土作为吸附剂在此工艺中对矿物油、COD、浊度和色度的去除效果;比较了膨润土、活性炭、煤泥、高岭土等的处理效果。对处理水中悬浮物的沉降性能以及粘土吸附剂的再生等作了初步探讨。在推荐的流程下,可使出水中矿物油<2ppm、COD<100ppm SS<1ppm。     

活性炭负载催化剂对模拟烟气中单质汞的吸附

通过浸渍法在活性炭上负载催化剂MgCl_2、CoCl_2、MnCl_2对活性炭进行改性,研究了催化剂负载量、吸附温度对活性炭吸附模拟烟气中单质汞的影响。在活性炭表面上添加无机盐MgCl_2、COCl_2、MnCl_2形成各种表面化学基团,从而加快了在炭表面对汞进行的化学吸附行为,提高活性炭的吸附能力和选择性。结果表明,在负载量为5%时,MnCl_2的改性效果最好,吸附效率提高了93%,其次是CoCl_2效率提高了90%。这在于Mn、Co这两种过渡元素价电子层结构为:(n-1)d~(1-10)ns~2,易形成杂化轨道,与单质汞发生氧化还原反应,也可以接受烟气中氧等配体的孤电子对,与活性炭表面的官能团易形成具有独特的催化性能的配合物,这种配合物作为中间产物可对汞的氧化-化学吸附起到配位催化作用,为模拟烟气中单质汞的吸附提供了适宜的反应表面。     

化学预处理对微塑料Pb吸附潜力的影响及机理研究

污水和污泥是土壤等生态环境中微塑料的重要来源,受到人们的广泛关注.由于污水和污泥中含有大量的有机质,化学预处理通常被用于提高其中微塑料的提取及分析效率,然而至今关于化学预处理对微塑料的吸附潜力及表面理化特性的影响研究较少.本研究探讨了5种预处理条件,即1 mol·L~(-1) HCl、1 mol·L~(-1) HNO_3、30%H_2O_2、1 mol·L~(-1) NaOH和5 mol·L~(-1) NaOH,对6种微塑料类型(PA、PE、PP、PS、PET和PMMA)Pb吸附潜力的影响,同时通过微塑料表面理化特性的分析,探讨了预处理影响微塑料Pb吸附的机理.结果表明6种微塑料对Pb吸附等温式符合Langmuir模型,Pb吸附能力大小顺序分别为:PAPMMAPETPEPPPS,最大吸附量分别为2922.9、699.3、584.8、549.5、510.2和277.8μg·g~(-1).与此同时,不同预处理条件对微塑料Pb吸附特性的影响不同,总体而言,碱预处理会导致微塑料Pb吸附量增加,且随着碱处理浓度的增加而增加,而酸预处理会引起Pb吸附量减小,其中硝酸预处理作用更加显著.进一步分析预处理前后微塑料质量、尺寸、表面官能团及表面形态等的变化情况,发现碱预处理对微塑料的腐蚀作用最大,其次为硝酸预处理组,最后为盐酸和过氧化氢预处理组.此外,与玻璃型(如PS)微塑料相比,预处理对橡胶型微塑料(如PE)的影响更大.     

Removal of heavy metals through adsorption using sand

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷａｔｅｒｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｎｔｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅａｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｒａｎｇｉｎｇｆｒｏｍａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓ,ｏｒｇａｎｉｃｓｏｌｖｅｎｔｓ,ｐｅｓｔｉｃｉｄｅｓａｎｄｍｅｔａｌｓ.Ｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｉｓｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｆｏｕｎｄｉｎａｒｅａｓｗｈｅｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｅｆｆｌｕｅｎｔｓａｒｅｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｄｉｎｔｏｎａｔｕｒａｌｗａｔｅｒｓ .Ｔｈｅｈａｒｍｆｕｌｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｓｕｃｈｍ…     

高硫煤基高比表面积活性炭吸附处理焦化废水的研究

采用高硫煤基高比表面积活性炭对焦化废水进行吸附处理,研究了吸附温度、活性炭投加量、吸附时间等工艺条件对处理效果的影响,并对活性碳的再生进行了初步探讨.结果表明,在32℃时,活性炭投加量1g/50 mL,吸附3h后,焦化废水中氨氮去除率为23.4%,苯酚去除率为85.8%,COD去除率可达90%.该活性炭能够进行有限的再生利用.     

Atomic force microscopy study on the microtopography of natural organic matter and newly formed hydrous MnO2

To understand the water purification mechanism of potassium permanganate as a coagulation-aid during the preoxidation process, the microtopography of its reductive products, the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide and the aged hydrous manganese dioxide, was investigated. The morphology of natural organic matter (NOM) adsorbed by the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was also compared with that of NOM alone. By using the tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM), the observation results show that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide possess a perforated sheet (with a thickness of 0–1.75 nm) as well as some spherical particle structures compared with the hydrous manganese dioxide with 2 h aging time, which demonstrated that the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide had a large surface area and adsorption capacity. When 1 mmol/L newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide was added, the microtopography of NOM molecules shifted from a loosely dispersed pancake shape (with adsorption height of 5–8.5 nm) to a densely dispersed and uniform spherical structure. These results provide a valid proof that it is the perfect adsorption capability of the newly formed hydrous manganese dioxide that might result in the coagulation aid effect of potassium permanganate preoxidation. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(5): 945–949 [译自: 环境科学]     

污水灌区土壤盐分动态研究

以天津东郊污灌区(慢速渗滤系统)为试验点,总结了土壤盐分的变化规律,并以粮地、菜地、稻地为代表分析了土壤中盐分变化动态,用污灌区土壤盐分动态平衡公式C_K-C_h=C_B-C_O测算,结果表明,只要灌区排水条件好,加上合理的科学灌溉,污灌区土壤盐分变化趋势是脱盐占主导地位,土壤中的钠吸附比(SAR)有所改善,土壤质量有所提高.