Interaction of DNA with aromatic hydrocarbons fraction in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou, China

Voluminously epidemiological studies show that the relationships exist between the air pollution and human health and cancer. Aromatic hydrocarbons(AHs)in air form a large class of organic pollutants,which are widely in environment and many of them are known to be carcinogenic and/or mutagenic and contribute to ambient air pollution.In the past decades,bioassays mainly have been used to evaluate the toxicity of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates or aqueous environment.However,it is well known that the covalent complexes formed by carcinogens with DNA may be exert negative results in bioassay.So the main aim of this paper is to develop an evaluation method of toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates from chemical standpoint.In this study,the in vitro interaction of the AHs with DNA was investigated by absorption,fluorescence and resonance light scattering (RLS)spectroscopic techniques.The results showed that the AHs in the atmospheric particulates could combine with calf thymus DNA(ctDNA)and herring sperm DNA(hsDNA)without being activated or metabolized by organism,respectively.Intercalation may be present in the mechanism of interaction.The binding constants of the AHs with ctDNA and hsDNA were 2.5×10~2 and 2.0×10~3, respectively,which indicated that the interaction of the AHs with hsDNA is stronger than that with ctDNA.In addition,the relationships of dose-effect between the total mole concentration of chemical components and the ability of binding ctDNA and hsDNA were confirmed.This research made it possible to study the toxicity effects of chemical mixtures in atmospheric particulates by chemical method.It is believed that the composition and contents of unknown AHs and the interaction of DNA with AHs in atmospheric particulates of Xigu District of Lanzhou City,China are first reported in the past twenty years.     

Estimation of plant protection product application dates for environmental fate modeling based on phenological stages of crops

According to the EU directive 91/414/EEC potential environmental concentrations of pesticides have to be assessed with environmental fate models. For the calculation of pesticide concentrations it is necessary to provide an application date which has to match the specific Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundesamt, Chemische Industrie (BBCH) stage at which the pesticide shall be applied. If these application dates are not available for a specific stage, crop and country they must be estimated, which adds an additional uncertainty to the predicted concentrations. In the present study, we therefore evaluate to which extent application dates can be derived from phenological data. For this analysis phenological data, converted to BBCH stages, of two field crops provided by the German Weather Service (DWD) were analyzed. We found a linear correlation between BBCH stages and the respective appearance dates, which can be used for interpolation of appearance dates of specific BBCH stages. Remarkably, when comparing BBCH stages from Germany and the Czech Republic almost identical correlations of appearance dates and BBCH stages were found. In the next step, soil and climate data from Joint Research Centre (JRC) were analyzed together with phenological data in order to evaluate if BBCH stages can be estimated for countries with other climate or soil conditions. This analysis revealed that temperature, global radiation and evaporation were the parameters with the strongest impact. These parameters were used for estimating appearance dates of BBCH stages for other countries. Exemplarily, appearance dates for maize BBCH were calculated for Italy. Estimated and observed appearance dates showed a high concordance (on average six days difference). Finally, the political of impact a variation of a few days on calculated pesticide concentration was analyzed. Exemplarily, the pesticide fate model FOCUS PEARL was used to estimate pesticide groundwater concentrations. When calculating concentrations for application dates varying by ± two weeks, concentrations in groundwater usually varied very little. The highest variation was found for application at BBCH 30 in maize (6.6 % variation over all scenarios). These results showed that the uncertainty included in the estimation of appearance dates of BBCH stages for other countries has a relatively small effect on the results of PEARL and consequentially on the decision of the pesticide risk assessment by changing only the application date.     

铜绿微囊藻胞内DOM光降解及其对芘结合能力的影响

利用紫外可见吸收光谱法及荧光光谱法研究有氧和缺氧条件下紫外线A波段(UV-A)辐照对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)胞内溶解性有机质(IDOM)(M. aeruginosa-IDOM)光降解行为,并考察光降解对其与芘结合能力的影响.结果表明,M. aeruginosa-IDOM经6d光降解后,有氧组中溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度及其吸收系数a₃₅₅降解幅度均高于缺氧组.有氧及缺氧状态下M. aeruginosa-IDOM光降解过程中吸光度比值E2/E3(250nm/365nm)变化相似,但254nm处比紫外吸收值(SUVA₂₅₄)变化不同.激发–发射三维荧光光谱法(EEMs)结合平行因子(PARAFAC)分析,结果显示, M. aeruginosa-IDOM中类蛋白C1、长波激发类腐殖质C2及短波激发类腐殖质C3荧光强度在两种光降解条件下变化趋势不同. M. aeruginosa-IDOM光降解过程符合一级降解动力学特征的参数,在有氧组中降解半衰期均短于缺氧组.此外,光降解过程中,有氧组M. aeruginosa-IDOM与芘结合能力降低,但缺氧组M. aeruginosa-IDOM与芘结合能力先下降后增加.     

固定化微生物对河水的脱氮效果研究

研究了不同方法制作的固定化微生物颗粒对于河水的脱氮效果,实验证明,采用聚乙烯醇-活性炭包埋法制作的固定化微生物颗粒(IMPⅠ)与聚乙烯醇-聚乙二醇包埋法制作的固定化微生物颗粒(IMPⅡ)的脱氮效果较好,但由于包埋材料在河水中的溶出造成COD急剧升高,会对河水造成二次污染.利用载体结合法制作的固定化微生物(IMPⅢ)进行5个周期的河水净化实验,结果发现,COD的去除率维持在75%～95%,氨氮的去除率为45%～95%,硝酸盐氮的去除率维持在95%～100%,亚硝酸盐氮的去除率为70%～99%,总氮的去除率保持在55%～80%.研究表明,载体结合法制作的固定化微生物颗粒稳定性好、强度高、微生物活性良好,颗粒可多次重复使用,在河水净化方面有良好的应用前景.