二价铁催化过氧化氢-过硫酸钠再生活性炭可行性研究

利用二价铁(Fe~(2+))催化过氧化氢(H_2O_2)-过硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_8)双氧化体系(ICHP)对被三氯乙烯(TCE)吸附饱和的20~40目粒状活性炭(AC)进行再生研究.同时,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量散射光谱仪(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)及氮气吸附-解吸技术等手段对再生前后的AC进行表征,进一步探讨影响再生效率的原因.结果表明,AC对TCE的吸附符合准一级动力学模型,等温吸附符合Freundlich模型.在TCE∶Fe~(2+)∶H_2O_2∶S_2O_2-8=1∶9.20∶59.79∶77.52(物质的量比)的条件下,AC再生效率约为50%.研究表明,AC的炭损失、比表面积、孔隙体积及孔隙面积的减小,是再生AC吸附能力低于原状AC的主要原因.利用ICHP再生的AC可以实现对TCE的有效吸附并达到AC重复使用的目的,具有很好的实用价值.     

聚离子液体刷接枝改性PVDF膜及其对药物硫酸氢氯吡咯雷分离性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜为底膜,通过浸渍法使多巴胺(DOPA)在膜表面形成聚多巴胺(PDOPA)层,然后由化学反应固定溴代卤化物,并通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)反应在膜表面接枝聚离子液体刷(PBIVm-Br),以制备聚离子液体刷改性PVDF膜,即PVDF-g-PBIVm-Br膜.结果表明,改性PVDF膜的接触角下降至60°以下且显示出良好的荷正电性.改性膜的药物通量和截留率均大于未改性PVDF膜,分离10 mg·L~(-1)的硫酸氢氯吡咯雷时,改性膜(M4)的药物通量可达27.62 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),截留率为89.03%,通量恢复率为95.32%.经过60 h分离实验后,膜M4对硫酸氢氯吡咯雷溶液的分离通量维持在18.05 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),截留率从89.03%上升到92.19%.以上结果表明,聚离子液体刷改性膜在荷正电有机污染物的分离方面具有一定的应用前景.     

Relationship between liquid depth and the acoustic generation of hydrogen: design aspect for large cavitational reactors with special focus on the role of the wave attenuation

Understanding the effect of the liquid depth (z) on the acoustic generation of hydrogen is highly required for designing large-scale sonoreactors for hydrogen production because acoustic cavitation is the central event that initiates sonochemical reactions. In this paper, we present a computational analysis of the liquid-depth effect on the generation of H₂ from a reactive acoustic bubble trapped in water irradiated with an attenuating sinusoidal ultrasound wave. The computations were made for different operating conditions of frequency (355–1000 kHz), acoustic intensity (1–5 W/cm²), and liquid temperature (10–30°C). The contribution of the acoustic wave attenuation on the overall effect of depth was appreciated for the different conditions. It was found that the acoustic generation of hydrogen diminished hardly with increasing depth up to z = 8 m, and the depth effect was strongly operating parameter-dependent. The sound wave attenuation played a crucial role in quenching H₂ yield, particularly at higher z. The reduction of the H₂ yield with depth was more pronounced at higher frequency (1000 kHz) and lower temperature (10°C) and acoustic intensity (1 W/cm²). The attenuation of the sound wave may contribute up to 100% in the overall reductive effect of depth toward H₂ production rate. This parameter could be imperatively included when studying all aspects of underwater acoustic cavitation.     

大气中过氧化氢的生成、污染特征及其影响因素

过氧化氢(H₂O₂)是自由基的源和汇,是对流层大气中重要的氧化剂. 采用文献研究法对1990年以来H₂O₂的文献进行搜集整理,对其生成途径、污染特征及其影响因素进行了研究. 结果表明:H₂O₂在大气、云水和颗粒物中均有存在,大气中的H₂O₂主要通过O₃和甲醛光解、VOC同OH·/O₃等反应生成. 大气中φ(H₂O₂)一般在nd～8×10-9内波动,晴天φ(H₂O₂)呈早晚低、午后高的日变化特征;φ(H₂O₂)随φ(O₃)、太阳辐射和气温的增加而升高,随φ(NO_x)、φ(VOCs)和相对湿度的升高而降低;H₂O₂氧化SO₂为SO₄2-是液相化学中最重要的反应,可以导致酸沉降以及二次气溶胶浓度的升高. 在气相光化学反应中,H₂O₂/HNO₃(体积分数比)可以指示O₃生成是VOCs控制还是NO_x控制. 今后需对OH·浓度、NO₂和O₃的光解速率等影响H₂O₂关键因素开展监测研究,此外,还需对我国特殊大气环境下H₂O₂对SO₄2-生成的贡献、不同地区H₂O₂/HNO₃指示O₃生成对NO_x或VOCs敏感性等方面开展更多的研究.      

ZrxMg1-xO supported cobalt catalysts for methane decomposition into COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanotubes

Zirconia-magnesia supported cobalt catalysts with various Zr/Mg atomic ratios were prepared and evaluated for non-oxidative catalytic decomposition of methane to produce CO_x-free hydrogen and carbon nanotube. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was performed in a continuous fixed bed flow reactor at 700°C under atmospheric pressure. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by XRD, TPR, BET, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the change in Zr/Mg ratio of the mixed oxide support has a significant effect on the catalytic performance of the active Co metal. The catalyst 30%Co/Zr_0.8Mg_0.2 showed the highest activity and stability within the used series of catalysts with hydrogen yield reached up to 79%. Both Co/Mg_1.0 and Co/Zr_1.0 showed poor stability due to strong Co-Mg interaction and aggregation of Co species on Zr support, respectively. All catalysts produced mainly MWCNTs with different diameters depending on the Zr/Mg ratio. The outer diameter increased with increasing Zr content in the catalyst due to the enlargement of the particle size of cobalt as a result of aggregation.     

Thermodynamic-dynamic analysis of gamma type free-piston stirling engine charged with hydrogen gas as working fluid

ABSTRACT

In this study, the combined thermodynamic and dynamic model of a new concept of gamma type free-piston Stirling engine is conducted. The engine consists of two identical displacer cylinders, a power cylinder, a linear alternator, and three-cushion pistons. Two displacer cylinders are symmetrically positioned on each side of the power cylinder for minimizing the rotational vibrations. Hydrogen is used as the working gas and the effect of gas temperature on the specific heat capacity is considered. The analysis carried out in this study involves the prediction of the thermodynamic-dynamic performance characteristics of the engine. In the thermodynamic section of the analysis, the working space of the engine is divided into 31 nodal volumes and the gas pressures in nodal volumes are assumed to be equal to each other. The conservation of mass and energy equations is obtained for each nodal volume. Instantaneous gas temperatures of nodal volumes are calculated by the first law of thermodynamics given for the unsteady open systems. The dynamic section of the analysis involves the motion equations of displacer, power and cushion pistons. The motion equations are derived using the Newton method. In the calculations done for variable specific heat capacity, it has been determined that there is 1% cyclic work reduction compared to the constant heat capacity. It is estimated that the maximum effective power that can be produced by the linear alternator will be around 1.6 kW. The working frequency range of the proposed engine is found to be suitable to generate electrical power.     

Fenton反应助催化剂碳基黄铁矿型纳米二硫化钴的合成

以水热与化学气相沉积方法制备了碳基黄铁矿型纳米CoS₂薄膜,对其组成、形貌进行了表征,并对其Fenton反应助催化性能进行了研究。实验结果表明：在罗丹明B模拟废水的Fenton处理过程中,添加CoS₂助催化剂的Fenton体系具有更高的反应活性,20 s内的脱色率达到98%,相比于普通Fenton体系的反应速率提高了近3倍;在类Fenton体系中的反应速率最高增加了约350%。CoS₂的加入显著提高了H₂O₂的利用效率以及催化氧化反应的反应速率。     

海洋卡盾藻日本株过氧化氢产生的影响因素

对海洋卡盾藻日本株(Chattonella marina Japan,CMJP)在不同盐度、营养盐条件及不同生长期的过氧化氢产生特点进行了研究.结果表明:H2O2浓度峰值出现在CMJP对数生长期(4~8d),以第6d达到最大,为0.97×10-4nmol/cell.在N:P为8:1和16:1的情况下,CMJP生长较快,藻细胞在对数生长末期之前一直保持较高密度.CMJP产生的H2O2量与藻类生长呈现出一定的相反趋势,在藻细胞适宜生长的N:P下,产生的H2O2浓度较小.在N:P为16:1时单个藻细胞的H2O2量最低(0.40×10-4nmol/cell),仅是N:P为32:1时(1.17 ×10-4nmol/cell)的1/3,N:P为8:1时,单个藻细胞的H2O2浓度为0.63 ×10-4nmol/cell. CMJP在盐度为20,25psu时生长较好且藻细胞达到较高密度,在盐度为10,15,30psu时藻密度较低,表明低盐和高盐条件均不利于CMJP的生长.盐度对CMJP过氧化氢的产量有一定的影响,在高盐度下单个藻细胞的H2O2产量增加,盐度为30psu时,H202浓度最高(1.1×10-4nmol/cell).     

CNT/CdS/壳聚糖-H2O2可见光光催化甲基橙脱色研究

利用共沉淀法制备了具有可见光响应的CNT/CdS复合薄膜光催化材料.以氙灯模拟日光光源,并以双氧水辅助氧化,对甲基橙进行光催化降解,探讨了不同工艺、催化剂用量、双氧水用量、甲基橙初始浓度、溶液pH值、无机阴离子对光催化降解脱色的影响以及催化剂的重复使用性.实验结果表明:双氧水对CNT/CdS光催化甲基橙脱色产生协同作用...     

淀粉污泥酸处理产氢特性及微生物多样性研究

以淀粉厂厌氧活性污泥为对象,探讨了经酸处理后污泥的产氢特性.结果表明,酸处理后的活性污泥反应系统,其产氢量均大于未经处理的活性污泥反应系统,其中最适产氢酸处理pH值为4.0、处理时间为0.5 h.通过细胞裂解直接提取活性污泥细菌基因组DNA,PCR扩增细菌16S rRNA基因V3区和变性梯度凝胶电泳分离,获得酸处理活性...