Age- and state-dependent reproductive effort in male mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus

In mammalian polygynous mating systems, male reproductive effort consists mainly of male–male competition and courting of females, which entail substantial somatic costs. Males are thus expected to adjust their reproductive effort according to their age and condition. In this study, we examined how activity budgets of male mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), a polygynous ungulate, varied with age in a marked population over two periods: (1) summers 1995–2006 and (2) ruts 2004–2006. We then assessed if the proportions of time spent in male–male competition and courtship behaviors were influenced by age-specific body mass and social rank during the rut. Males spent most of their time foraging and resting during summer, and rested more and foraged less with increasing age. During the rut, pronounced shifts in activity budgets occurred as juveniles (1–2 years) increased time spent foraging, whereas adults (≥3 years) increased standing and time spent in social interactions at the expense of foraging. At old age, reproductive effort either stabilized or decreased slightly, providing weak support for the ‘mating strategy–effort’ hypothesis, predicting that courtship behaviors should peak in prime-aged males. Age-specific body mass did not affect time spent in male–male competition, but was positively related with time spent in courtship behaviors, providing support for the ‘individual quality’ hypothesis, predicting that males with more resources at the start of the rut should spend more time in mating-related activities. Age-specific social rank did not affect reproductive effort. Surviving to prime age while increasing mass each year should thus allow male ungulates to gain greater ability to court estrus females.     

焦作市工业燃煤量与大号SO2污染关系模型研究

研究了焦作市工业燃煤量与大气SO2污染的关系,建立了适合于焦作市城区大气SO2污染的解析模型.在模型中尝试性地将面源污染产生的浓度贡献转化到背景值中计算,简化了解析模型.利用该模式计算了1996～2000年焦作市城区大气中的SO2浓度,并与监测数据进行对比分析,结果表明该模型适合研究区的实际情况,基于该模型实现了焦作市城区大气SO2浓度的动态预测.     

添加剂对煤燃烧特性的影响研究

为研究助燃添加剂对煤燃烧特性的影响 ,选择了 5种金属的氧化物及盐类作为基本成分 ,运用正交试验方法考察了添加剂对炭粒燃烧特性的影响 ,然后根据极差分析和方差分析 ,得到了添加剂的最佳组成。本研究所推荐的添加剂能有效降低煤的着火温度 ,并提高其燃烧发热量。与某商品煤伴侣比较 ,在各种添加量时的助燃效果均优于该商品煤伴侣。     

Qualitative analysis and quantitative simulation on Yin-Huang water salinization mechanism in Bei-Da-Gang reservoir

Yellow River water transfer for Tianjin is important in solving the water shortage in Tianjin, which facilitate economic development and social progress for many years. Fresh water drawn from Yellow River（ i. e., Yin-Huang water） becomes saltier and saltier when being stored in the Bei-Da-Gang reservoir. We qualitatively analyze the water salinization mechanism based on mass transfer theory. The main factors are salinity transfer of saline soil, evaporation concentrating, and the agitation of wind. A simulative experimental pond and an evaporation pond were built beside the Bei-Da-Gang reservoir to quantitatively investigate the water salinization based on water and solute balance in the simulative pond. 80% of increased [Cl^-] is due to the salinity transfer of the saline soil and the other 20% is due to evaporation concentrating, so the former is the most important factor. We found that the salinization of Yin-Huang water can be described with a zero-dimension linear model.     

乳化液膜法提取活性艳蓝KN-R工艺研究

利用表面活性剂TH-1、民用煤油、载体N235和内水相NaOH溶液组成的液膜体系,采用正交试验法,对提取活性艳蓝KN-R工艺进行了研究。结果表明:以5%TH-1,5%N235,10%NaOH,油内比Roi为1∶1.5的乳状液膜体系,处理初始浓度为6000mg/L活性艳蓝KN-R废水,在pH值为1,传质温度为25℃,乳水比Rew为1∶5的传质条件下,提取率可达94.8%。     

改性粉煤灰及其处理废水的机理

应用正交设计的基本理论,研究了PDMDAAC(聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵)改性粉煤灰的最佳条件,并将改性粉煤灰用于模拟印染废水的处理,探索了改性粉煤灰处理废水的机理。结果表明,在原PDMDAAC的pH下．控制PDMDAAC的浓度为40g／L,恒温30℃．反应1h为最佳改性工艺,改性粉煤灰处理废水的机理以吸附电中和为主。     

2005年中国燃煤大气锑排放清单

采用基于燃料消耗的排放因子法,按照经济部门(电力、工业、生活消费及其他)、燃料类型(原煤、洗煤、焦炭、型煤)、燃烧方式(层燃炉、煤粉炉、流化床锅炉等)和除尘脱硫设施(机械式除尘器、湿式除尘器、电除尘器、袋式除尘器等)等将燃煤排放源进行分类,根据各省、市、自治区不同排放源类型的煤炭消耗量及平均锑含量,建立了2005年中国燃煤大气锑排放清单.结果表明,2005年中国燃煤导致的大气锑排放总量约为530.86t,排放量超过30t的省份依次为贵州(49.28t)、湖南(45.96t)、河北(37.36t)、山东(35.12t)、安徽(30.92t),表明中国燃煤大气锑排放主要集中在中东部地区.大部分排放来自工业和电力部门,分别占排放总量的47.2%和39.9%.     

羊场湾大采高易自燃工作面CO分布规律研究

为探明羊场湾160205工作面上隅角CO体积分数超限明显的原因,沿工作面倾向和走向布置测点,测试早中晚三班开始前的CO体积分数,并在采空区布置束管,对不同位置气体进行取样分析,得出160205工作面CO体积分数分布。结合煤炭开采过程CO的主要来源与煤氧化产生CO的机理,分析得出羊场湾160205工作面CO主要来源。结果表明:CO体积分数沿工作面煤壁到架后采空区方向逐渐升高;采空区深度0～15 m和30～100 m处为高体积分数CO区域;160205工作面CO主要来源为采空区遗煤氧化,其次为顶煤氧化与割煤时煤体破碎产生,采空区深度30～100 m处的CO体积分数较高区域是判定采空区遗煤自燃状况的关键区域。     

极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”发育规律研究

为深入研究极近距离煤层综放开采工作面覆岩“两带”的动态发育规律,采用理论推导、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,分析袁店一矿824工作面覆岩“两带”的裂隙演化特征。结果表明：从岩层层向拉伸率角度,研究上覆岩层垮落带和导水裂隙带的垮落程度,考虑角度影响推导出岩层弯曲下沉边缘段变形前后的长度计算公式,根据覆岩的碎胀特征计算各岩层的最大下沉量,预测垮落带和裂隙带的范围分别为30.2～41.2 m和70.7～78.2 m;采用3DEC数值模拟分析该矿824工作面开挖后上覆岩层垮落的基本形态和裂隙分布规律,结合其应力、位移云图和监测线位移曲线的分布特征,得出垮落带和裂隙带的高度分别为32.50 m和77.25 m;采用分布式光纤应变监测系统,监测工作面前方80 m处上部顶板的受力情况,得出受采动影响的光纤应变呈起伏变化,且应变分布与地层岩性存在对应关系,得出垮落带高度约30.4 m,裂隙带高度约74.8 m,验证采用层向拉伸率和覆岩碎胀性2个方面来预测工作面覆岩“两带”高度的合理性,可为类似方面的研究与施工提供相应的技术依据。     

基于链式多重插补的WOA-ELM煤与瓦斯突出预测模型

为了提高缺失数据下煤与瓦斯突出预测准确率,提出1种基于链式支持向量机多重插补(MICE＿SVM)的鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)-极限学习机(ELM)预测模型,以淮南朱集矿区为例,选取5个煤与瓦斯突出影响指标作为模型特征,采用提出的MICE＿SVM算法插补突出事故数据中缺失值,利用WOA优选ELM输入层权值及隐含层阈值,构建煤与瓦斯突出预测模型,将插补后数据用于WOA-ELM模型的训练与测试,并与其他模型的预测效果对比。研究结果表明：MICE＿SVM插补前、后的有突出数据预测准确率分别为83.02%,90.41%,MICE＿SVM显著提高了有突出预测准确率,对无突出和整体的预测准确率提高不明显;数据插补后WOA优化ELM对无突出、有突出和整体的预测准确率分别为97.94%,96.25%,96.48%,较优化前分别提高了5.79%,5.84%,5.55%,数据插补后WOA-ELM为最佳预测模型。