基于高通量测序的OMS-2对序批式反应器系统微生物群落的影响

随着纳米材料的广泛应用,越来越多的纳米材料随着废水进入污水处理厂,纳米材料对污水生物处理系统的潜在影响越来越受到重视。探讨了氧化锰八面体分子筛(manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve, OMS-2)纳米颗粒对序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)中活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响;以活性艳红X-3B溶液模拟印染废水,将不同浓度的OMS-2混入稳定运行的SBR中,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析技术,对不同SBR中微生物分布规律进行了研究。结果表明：SBR添加0.25 g·L⁻¹的OMS-2后,其COD去除率和脱色率分别提升了6%和13.6%;Illumina MiSeq高通量测序显示,在混入0.25 g·L⁻¹的OMS-2后,SBR内污泥菌群中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的微生物DNA序列操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTU)分别增加了16.8%和96.4%,这2类菌种可能提升了SBR降解有机污染物的能力;不同浓度的OMS-2改变了菌群的多样性和结构,低浓度的OMS-2可以提升微生物菌群的多样性和改变菌群的结构。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,OMS-2在SBR中存在锰(Ⅳ)/锰(Ⅲ)转变为锰(Ⅱ)的氧化还原反应,该过程可能影响了菌群的组成。研究为纳米材料的实际应用和环境风险提供了参考。     

Application of 1D and 2D MFR reactor technology for the isolation of insecticidal and anti-microbial properties from pyrolysis bio-oils

Valuable chemicals can be separated from agricultural residues by chemical or thermochemical processes. The application of pyrolysis has already been demonstrated as an efficient means to produce a liquid with a high concentration of desired product. The objective of this study was to apply an insect and microorganism bioassay-guided approach to separate and isolate pesticidal compounds from bio-oil produced through biomass pyrolysis. Tobacco leaf (Nicotianata bacum), tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum), and spent coffee (Coffea arabica) grounds were pyrolyzed at 10°C/min from ambient to 565°C using the mechanically fluidized reactor (MFR). With one-dimensional (1D) MFR pyrolysis, the composition of the product vapors varied as the reactor temperature was raised allowing for the selection of the temperature range that corresponds to vapors with a high concentration of pesticidal properties. Further product separation was performed in a fractional condensation train, or 2D MFR pyrolysis, thus allowing for the separation of vapor components according to their condensation temperature. The 300–400°C tobacco and tomato bio-oil cuts from the 1D MFR showed the highest insecticidal and anti-microbial activity compared to the other bio-oil cuts. The 300–350 and 350–400°C bio-oil cuts produced by 2D MFR had the highest insecticidal activity when the bio-oil was collected from the 210°C condenser. The tobacco and tomato bio-oil had similar insecticidal activity (LC₅₀ of 2.1 and 2.2 mg/mL) when the bio-oil was collected in the 210°C condenser from the 300–350°C reactor temperature gases. The 2D MFR does concentrate the pesticidal products compared to the 1D MFR and thus can reduce the need for further separation steps such as solvent extraction.     

Treatment of wastewater from red and tropical fruit wine production by zeolite anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

A study of the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters derived from red (RWWW) and tropical fruit wine (TFWWW) production was carried out in four laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactors with natural zeolite as bacterial support. These reactors operated at mesophilic temperature (35°C). Reactors R1 and R2 contained Chilean natural zeolite, while reactors R3 and R4 used Cuban natural zeolite as microorganism support. In addition, reactors R1 and R3 processed RWWW, while reactors R2 and R4 used TFWWW as substrate. The biomass concentration attached to zeolites in the four reactors studied was found to be in the range of 44–46 g volatile solids (VS)/L after 90 days of operation time. Both types of zeolites can be used indistinctly in the fluidized bed reactors achieving more than 80%–86% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals for organic loading rates (OLR) of up to at least 20 g COD/L d. pH values remained within the optimal range for anaerobic microorganisms for OLR values of up to 20 and 22 g COD/L d for RWWW and TFWWW, respectively. Toxicity and inhibition levels were observed at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d in reactors R1 and R3 while processing RWWW, whereas the aforementioned inhibitory phenomena were not observed at an OLR of 24 g COD/L d in R2 and R4, treating TFWWW as a consequence of the lower phenolic compound content present in this substrate. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels were always lower in reactors processing TFWWW (R2 and R4) and these values (< 400 mg/L, as acetic acid) were lower than the suggested limits for digester failure. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was twice as high in reactors R2 and R4 than in R1 and R3 after 120 days of operation when all reactors operated at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备磁载光催化剂

悬浮态的光催化反应器相比固载的光催化反应器有更高的光催化效率。但是如何在光催化反应完成后使催化剂与水溶液的分离 ,成为了一个关键的问题。本研究采用溶胶 凝胶法将二氧化钛直接沉积在磁性颗粒的表面 ,制备出了磁载的光催化剂。这种催化剂在保留了磁性能具有可磁分离的基础上又具有很好的光催化降解效果。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理硝基苯废水的研究

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)中温处理含硝基苯废水,研究了工艺条件和硝基苯的降解特点.试验结果表明:在进水COD浓度为2088 mg/L,硝基苯浓度为16.8 mg/L,反应温度为35℃,停留时间为24 h条件下,ABR能有效处理硝基苯废水,COD去除率为86.4%,硝基苯去除率为91.1%;在厌氧条件下,硝基苯降解为苯胺,但苯胺很难再进一步分解;硝基苯的去除历程推断为先吸附后分解.     

生产性IC反应器厌氧颗粒污泥的生物学特征

IC反应器以絮状污泥接种用于处理酒糟废水,运行至第180d时分别测定反应器第1、第2反应室颗粒污泥的VSS、产甲烷活性、胞外多聚物和辅酶F420等各项生物学指标。结果表明反应器内颗粒污泥具有较强活性,反应器COD去除率基本稳定在95%以上,出水COD不超过1000mg/L。     

Biological removal of methanol from process condensate for the purpose of reclamation

The biological removal of methanol from condensate of ammonia manufacturing processes for the purpose of reclamation using contact type reactor was studied. Methanol of 60 mg/L was removed completely under an HRT of 1.12 h. Optimal inorganic nutrient dose was determined on evaluating methanol removal performance and dehydrogenase activities (DHA) under different nutrition doses. The optimal inorganic nutrient dose only gave an increase of conductivity of ca. 10μs/cm^2 in the effluent on treating synthetic condensate containing methanol of 30mg/L. The results demonstrated that biological removal of methanol was effective for the purpose of recovering the methanol-bearing condensate.     

现行的UASB反应器的设计问题及改良的可行性

探讨了UASB反应器的设计问题和改良的可行性。重点介绍并评价了UASB反应器的器内流速关系以及对应的问题。对比第 3代厌氧反应器的特点 ,提出了UASB反应器可行的改良方法。作为改良可行性证据 ,提供了改良后的实验数据     

膜生物反应器技术的研究和应用展望

膜生物反应器是将膜分离技术与生物上结合而开发的新型系统，该文就膜生物反应器的特征、研究现状、不同形式反应器的技术参数与处理效果等。进行了综述、由于膜生物反应器具有明显的优点，故愈来愈受到人们的重视、成为研究的热点之一。膜生物反应器的研究和范围不断拓宽，有的已进入污水处理实用阶段，建议今后在开发适合于分离的特种膜方面，在组件形式，操作条件，清洗方式等对膜通量的影响方面，以及生物作用与膜分离工艺的相互     

悬浮载体生物膜反应器修复受污染河水试验研究

利用自行开发的悬浮载体生物膜反应器 (SCBR)进行了修复受污染河水的试验 ,考察了水力停留时间对CODCr和氨氮去除效果的影响 .试验结果表明 ,在水温为 15～ 2 0℃ ,进水CODCr为 70～ 10 0mg/L ,进水氨氮为 8～ 2 0mg/L的条件下 ,反应器水力停留时间采用 1 0h时 ,SCBR反应器可以有效去除河水中的CODCr和氨氮 ,其中对CODCr的平均去除率可以达到 5 6 9% ,对氨氮的平均去除率可以达到 76 0 % .